Unit 8 Cold War & Decolonization

8.1 Who were the Big Three?

8.1  The leaders from the US, Soviet Union, and Britain were known as the Big Three.

8.1 Tehran Conference

8.1 Took place in Iran where the allies agreed to make the Soviet Union in charge of freeing Eastern Europe while the US and Britain would focus on freeing Western Europe in exchange for the Soviet Union to gain some land in Poland while Poland gains land from Germany.

8.1 Yalta Conference

8.1

Took place in a resort in the Black Sea where they discussed how they would reconstruct eastern Europe and plan on how to defeat Japan. Franklin Roosevelt wanted democracy in Eastern Europe and wanted the Soviets to join the war against Japan but Stalin wanted to have influence over Eastern Europe out of fear that another German leader would invade Russia. Stalin wanted to use Eastern Europe as a buffer zone. In exchange for Stalin fighting against Japan he wanted control of islands Japan conquered, ports in China and ownership of a Manchrurian railroad. The Soviet gave vague reassurance that there would be free elections in Eastern Europe.

8.1 Potsdam Conference

8.1 It was the final meeting among the Big Three that took place in Germany. Harry Truman had become president of the uS after the death of Roosevely while Churchill’s position was replaced by Clement Atlee. The Soviets were already occupying Eastern Europe when they rejected Truman’s demand of free election. The communists were already in control of Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The US and the Soviet Union distrust each other and would start to aggressively try to persuade each other. The conference failed to agree on important issues between each other. This led to the Cold War.

8.1 Explain how these meetings could “set the stage” for the Cold War.

8.1 The meeting had created distrust between the US and Soviet Union

8.1 Why were Europe and Asia not leaders after WWII? What did a lot of countries “flee” to?

8.1 Europe and Asia were not leaders after WWII because of the destruction left after the war with 40 to 60 million deaths. People fled from communism and searched for safe countries with opportunities 

8.1 Which major countries were devastated the most? What did countries like France and Great Britain lose during the War?

8.1 The Soviet Union, Poland and Germany were devastated the most. Countries like France and Britain lost a large mass of their population and buildings were destroyed. 

8.1 What were 3 factors that positioned the United States to become one of the most powerful countries in the world in the aftermath of WWII?

8.1 1. Most battles were fought by US in the Philippines 

2. US mainland was not attacked 

3. US infrastructure and industrial bases became stronger

8.1 What was the result of WWII on Europe?

8.1 Roads, bridges, factories and areas in Europe  had been destroyed and resulted in the loss of 10 and 20 percent of its population. People would flee communism out of fear and look for safe places that had opportunities. Europe had become less influential

8.1 How was the US affected?

8.1 The US became more powerful as it suffered least by the war because the US mainland was not attacked. US infrastructure became mroe stronger with government-funded military contracts.

8.1 What technical developments happened during the war?

8.1 Atomic weapons were developed during war and other weapons were improved like air pressure for airplane cabins, refrigeration for food, plastics for different uses and penicillin taht helped cure wounds for soldiers.

8.1 What were some of the advancements in universities in the US that were invented during the wartime period? 

8.1 Some advancements include Atomic weapons while others were improved like air pressure for airplane cabins, refrigeration for food, plastics for different uses and penicillin that helped cure wounds for soldiers.

8.1 There were obvious tensions between the Soviet Union and the US, but why would they not fight each other militarily?

8.1 Tensions were evident at Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam but they didn't fight each other militarily because the costs of war were too high and none of the powers wanted a full-scale war

8.1 What did they do instead? What did they both create?

8.1 They created the Cold War  that was not a full scale war without direct involvement of military but instead consists of arms races, secret operations, and propaganda campaign

8.1 What is a Cold War?

8.1 Cold war was not a full scale war without direct involvement of military but instead consists of arms races, secret operations, and propaganda campaign

8.1 What was the deadliest result of the Cold War?

8.1 It happened outside of the mainlands of the Soviet Union and in the US, transforming small civil wars into larger scale battles that increased the deaths and level of destruction.

8.1 How were the Soviet Union and the US competing in military weaponry?

8.1 Both powers developed hydrogen bombs that were more powerful than the atomic bomb.  The arms race brought the military and the weapon industries closer.

8.1 What was the military-industrial complex?

8.1 It was a non-formal relation between the large defense contractors and the government.

8.1 What did many of the colonies of major countries believe in after WWll and during the Cold War? Which two empires crumbled? What was the result of their crumbling?

8.1 After WWI Colonies believed in self-determinism. Empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire crumbled. The result was the creation of multiple new countries.

8.1 In the colonized world, movements for ________ grew. Often they included both advocates for ________ and proponents of _________.

• World War II had so weakened _______ and ________, and the other colonial powers that they had fewer resources to resist independence 

 The Cold War between the US and the Society Union gave ___________ two superpowers to recruit as supporters. and grew.

8.1 self-determinism, greater self rule, full independence, Great Britain, France, anti-colonial activists

8.1 What is self-determination?

8.1 Self determinism is the belief that each country has the right to decide was form of leadership and government they desire

8.1  After WWII how was the foundation set for the dismantling of colonial empires?

8.1  After World War II, European countries were weakened, the Cold War was also taking place distracting the US and Soviet Union,  and the movements for self-determinism grew.

8.2 Despite ideological differences, what did ALL the Allies agree upon?

8.2 The Allies agreed on building a peace new organization

8.2 Explain why the League of Nations failed.

8.2 The League of Nations failed because it failed to act quickly to stop small conflicts evolving into a large scale-conflict and it lacked the support from all the powerful countries like the US. 

8.2 What did the "Iron Curtain" represent?

8.2 The Iron curtain represented the metaphoric border and separation between East and West Europe.

8.2 When was the UN established?

8.2 The UN was established in 1945 by the leaders from the US, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and China.

8.2 What was the Iron Curtain?

8.2 The Iron curtain was the metaphoric border and separation between East and West Europe.

8.2 Explain the key differences between the USA's capitalism and the USSR's communism.

8.2

capitaliism- Most businesses were owned privately 

Private interests determine economic decisions 

People had the freedom to act for their own interest

communism- Assets were owned by government 

Spread equality and fairness to represent their government

8.2 Explain the key differences between the USA's capitalism and the USSR's communism.

8.2

Democracy- The people free elected for their leaders

Relied on an independent press to provide accurate information about government 

More than one political party

Authoritarianism- Elections are not important 

Press was regulated and operated by the government 

One political party dominated politics

8.2 What criticism did the Soviet Union and USA have for each other?

8.2 They attacked each other's flaws. The US argues that the Soviet took away people’s rights and the Soviet Unions argued that the US let the poor starve and discriminated against minorities and gave no little equality to women.

8.2 How were they similar?

8.2 Big economic decisions were often in the hands of the government or large groups. Both superpowers also acted out of fear.

8.2 What did each side want to do? What was the result?

8.2 Each side wanted to expand its influence globally. It led to a long competition for influence over the people’s opinions and alliances with vast governments.

8.2 What did the USSR make the satellite countries they had do to compete with the USA? 

8.2 The USSR made countries like East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania to develop five-year economic plans, focused on developing industry and collective agriculture, then the USSR banned any other political party that wasn't communism.

8.2 What did these actions allow the USSR to exploit?

8.2 This led the USSR to exploit East Europe countries to only benefit the Soviet Union rather than helping those countries develop. An example of  this was when only Soviet Union goods could be exported and imported from these satellite countries (small states that are economically or politically dependent on larger states).

8.2 What was the threat to the USSR according to them starting in 1918?

8.2 The Soviets viewed capitalism as the threat.

8.2 What were some of the revolutions that the USSR supported?

8.2 A revolution the Soviet Union supporters was the World revolution that believed in overthrowing capitalism in all states

8.2 What is the policy of containment?

8.2 The policy was to stop communism from expanding further.

8.2 How did many people want to take the policy of containment "a step further"?

8.2 Some people believed in overthrowing communist regimes altogether.

8.2 What were the main ideas of the Truman Doctrine?

8.2 The main idea was to put all US efforts to end all communism spread.

8.2 Where specifically did the Truman Doctrine want to be instilled in?

8.2 Specifically in Greece and Turkey.

8.2 What was the Marshall Plan?v

8.2 Marshall Plan was the plan to rebuild all European nations economically by sending 12 billion in aid to all European countries, like Germany to modernize their industries, reduce trade barriers.

8.2 Why was the Marshall Plan created and what was it meant to stop?

8.2 The Marshall Plan was created to prevent communism from taking over any unstable government as the US believed communism targeted the weak or broken governments,

8.2 What did the Soviet Union also create in lieu of the Marshall Plan? What did it do?

8.2 The Soviet Union and its satellite countries created the COMECON to help rebuild Eastern Europe but it was limited to trade and credit agreements to its 6 members.

8.2 A. Space Race What was the first artificial satellite called?

8.2 The first artificial satellite was called Sputnik

8.2 Who built it? What did it make the other superpower do?

8.2 The Soviet Union launched Sputnik first that led to the US to launch its first satellite a year later. This resulted in the two powers competing for first place with a manned satellite orbiting Earth.

8.2 What did both countries figure out would happen if each of them set off their ICBM's?

8.2 When the Soviet tested their nuclear warhead capable of reaching the US mainland, The US followed and tested their similar missile. It led to both superpowers realizing they had reached mutual assured destruction. None of the powers initiated to start the nuclear war as neither one could win. People hoped that the terror from advancements of said nuclear weapons would maintain peace.

8.2 Where did many of the countries come from who wanted to stay out of the US-Soviet Cold War?

8.2 Countries from Africa and Asia wanted to steer out of the US-Soviet Cold war.

8.2 Explain what they wanted.

8.2 They desired for an alternate international political, social and economic order that neither the Soviet Union or the US dominated.

8.2 Who was a part of the Bandung Conference and what came out of it?

8.2 China, India, Indonesia and other 27 countries that represented more than half of the world population. The conference helped pass resolutions that agreed to condemn colonialism that led to the Non-Allied Movement. 

8.2 What was the Non-Aligned Movement?

8.2 It was a movement that condemned colonialism 

8.2 What challenges did they face?

8.2 They faced secret allies between countries in the Non-Aligned movement. Members tried to act for their own benefit and refused to intervene in conflicts such as the conflicts between Pakistan and India.

8.2 India, Jawaharial Nehru

8.2 Role: Was the prime minister of India that was seen as the most leaders at the Bandung conference

8.2 Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah

8.2 role: He Became one of the most respected African leaders after the war and had led to the independence of Ghana from Britain in 1957. Because of the Organization Africa Unity it promoted unity among Africans beyond country borders

8.2 Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser

8.2 Role; Was the president of Egypt that was a service for 3 terms and who placed negotiable compromises to the people who attended the Bandung conference. The President alo supported the Pan-Arab movement

8.2 Indonesia, Sukamo

8.2 Role: Was the first president in Indonesia who organized and hosted the Bandung Conference. He criticized the USSR and US although he took large amounts of aid from each one.

8.3 What were some of the examples of "proxy wars."

8.3 Some examples of proxy wars are the Korean and Vietnam wars supported by a major power that resulted in millions of deaths.

8.3 Berlin Blockade

8.3 Was placed by the Soviet Union to stop all Allied plans to cut Berlin into 4 zones so the Soviet Union could control it completely. The Soviet Union blocked all Allied countries from sending supplies. 

8.3 Berlin Airlift

8.3 Result of the Berlin blockade. The Allied flew supplies into Western zones in Germany. The blockade was lifted in 1949.

8.3 Two Germany’s

(Split between East and West)

8.3 After the blockade, Germany split from Federal republic (which was West Germany) and East Germany was the german Democratic Republic

8.3 Who was involved in NATO and what were the goals of it? 

8.3 Canada, Denmark, Belgium, France, Norway, Portugal, The USA, Italy, Luxembourg, Denmark, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. Their goal was to mutually and cooperatively go against wars and conflicts. 

8.3 What was the Soviet's response to NATO? What was created?

8.3 The Soviet response was the Warsaw pact created in 1955 including members like Romania, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, East Germany Albania, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union. Nations known as communist bloc. The Warsaw Pact united their military and bases in Moscow. 

8.3 What is SEATO? Who was involved?

8.3 An organization to stop the spread of communism which involves the US, Australia, Great Britain, Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand, the Philippines, and France.

8.3 What is CENTO? Who was involved?

8.3 CENTO was created by Great Britain and was an anti Soviet organization which involved countries like Great Britain,  Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan.

8.3 Proxy Wars

A. Korean War

• How did the Korean War begin?

8.3 Began when North Korea invaded South Korea that was split by communism and democracy, with the South being occupied by the US (and allies)  while the North was occupied by the Soviets. 

8.3 What was the UN's response and who did they support?

8.3 The UN responded by defending the South with its military. The UN supported South Korea.

8.3 How did the war end?

8.3 The war ended after 3 years in a stalemate with Korea still being split. 

8.3 Vietnam War

• What happened under US President Dwight D. Eisenhower? 

8.3 Military advisors were sent to south Vietnam to train their military to prevent communism from taking over under the Truman policy of Containment. 

8.3 What happened under US President John F. Kennedy?

8.3 Military advisors to South Vietnam increased by 15K under John F. Kennedy. A coup with the US to overthrow Diem also took place. 

8.3 What happened under US President Lyndon B. Johnson? What did he believe in also?

8.3 More US troops were sent to Vietnam as President Johnson believed in the domino theory which was the idea that if one country fell to communism, the countries surrounding it would also fall under communism.

8.3 C. The Bay of Pigs Crisis

• ___________ and other Communist revolutionaries overthrew the Cuban dictator ____________ in 1959.

Castro set up a ___________

8.3 Fidel Castro, Fulgencio Batista, dictatorship in Cuba

8.3 After Cuba nationalized businesses, what was the US's response?

8.3 The US responded by cutting off diplomatic ties and trade with Cuba. 

8.3 After the US's response, what did the Cuban government do?

8.3 The Cuban government made Cuba’s foreign policy aligned with that of the Soviets and Cuba accepted aid from the Soviet Union. 

8.3 What did JFK end up doing in response to a communist government set up 90 miles away from the coast of Florida?

8.3 JFK supported the Cuban exiles against Castro that resulted in the Bay of Pigs invasion. 

8.3 What effects did the Bay of Pigs have on US relations with Cuba?

8.3 The Bay of Pigs was a failure and strengthened the Cuban and Soviet alliance

8.3 D. The Cuban Missile Crisis

• What did Nikita Khruschev do in response to the Bay of Pigs debacle?

8.3 In response, Nikita sent Nuclear missiles to Cuba. Nikita felt as it was fair since the US had placed nuclear missiles in Turkey who shared a border with the Soviet Union

8.3 What was Khruschev's rationale? 

8.3 Khruschev called back its Soviet ships if the US removed its missiles in Turkey. 

8.3 What was set up during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

8.3 A hotline between the Soviet’s office and the US in order to have better communication that will prevent nuclear war. 

8.3 Test-Ban Treaty

8.3 Fear from people worldwide about the damaging impacts on the environment from nuclear testing. The treaty banned the testing of Nuclear weapons in space, in the ocean or above land. The treaty’s goal is to decrease radiation for the environment and people. France and China did not sign the treaty.

8.3 Angola

8.3 An African country who won its independence from the Portuguese after 14 years of struggle. Angolans had to fight for its independence like Vietnam. The Angolan battle faced greater ethnic conflict than Vietnam after it had been set by European colonial powers without traditional value. This forces rival ethnic groups to be together. This caused competition between the 3 distinct cultural groups as each wanted independence and wanted control over the diamond mines.  The 3 groups were supported by other countries.

8.3 Contra War

8.3 Took place in Nicaragua as the Somoza dictatorship ended by rebel Sandinistas. Conservative Contras tried to overthrow the Sansinistas and led to the Contra War that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Nicaraguans. The war ended when the Tela Accord was signed and the demobilization of The Sandinista and Contra armies.

8.3 Anti Nuclear Weapon Movement 

• What is it?

8.3 One of the first movements that had come from Japan was against the testing of nuclear weapons in the pacific Ocean. 

8.3 Who was involved in the movement?

8.3 Places like Japan, United states and Western Europe was involved in the movement