Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards AP Psych

Myers textbook 31-36

how is memory defined?

encoding, storage, and retrieval

memory degeneration

alzheimer’s begins as difficulty remembering new info → inability to do everyday tasks

how is memory measured?

recall, recognition and relearning

recall

retrieving info not currently in conscious awareness but learned at earlier time

recognition

identifying items previously learned

relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

recall can be measured by

fill in teh blank question, short answer, or essay prompt

recognition can be measured by

multiple choice or matching

relearning can be measured by

studying for a final exam over entire year’s course content

What did Ebbinghaus do?

Randomly selected sample of syllables and practiced, then tested—forgot but not entirely. Speed of relearning is one measure of memory retention

What is parallel processing?

Considering many aspects of a problem simultaneously; natural mode of info processing for many functions

Atkinson and Shiffrin did what?

3 stage model of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

What is sensory memory?

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system

What is short-term memory?

memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored or forgotten

What is long-term memory?

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

What are some other ways long term memories form?

Slipping into long term with backdoor, without consciously attending to it (automatic processing)

a lot of such happens in short-term memory that many prefer the term working memory

What is working memory?

newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual info and of info retrieved from long-term memory

What is Baddeley’s model of working memory?

Visual-spatial and auditory rehearsal of new info

hypothetical central executive (manager) focuses our attention and pulls info from long-term memory to help make sense of new info

What is the role of the central executive within Baddeley’s ideas?

To coordinate focused processing without which, information often fades

Essentially focuses attention to stop it from fading

What are explicit memories? (and what is the other term for it)

Retention of facts and experiences from long-term memory that one can consciously know and declare

Also called declarative memory

What are implicit memories? (and what is the other term for it)

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations in long-term memory independent of conscious recollection

Also called nondeclarative memory

How do explicit and implicit memories differ?

We encode explicit memories through conscious effortful processing; encoding that requires attention and conscious effort whereas implicit memory relies on automatic processing or unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency

What is George Sperling’s sensory memory experiment?

Flashed a group of letters for a 20th of a second and when they recalled a row, it was near perfect but not when it was the whole.

What is iconic memory?

A fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli, as shown by Sperling’s experiment.

What is echoic memory?

Auditory echoes linger for very short periods of time, and we can recall them very well

What is our short-term memory capacity?

Miller proposed we can hold 5-9 pieces of info

How fast do short-term memories disappear and who made it?

Peterson and Peterson asked subjects to remember 3 consonant groups — related time with longer time meaning less retention for short term (graph!!)

What is shallow processing?

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

What is deep processing?

Encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention

capacity if long term memory

essentially limitless

How is memory stored? (Lashley)

Partial memory no matter which part of brain taken out—distributes components out

Explicit memories are either

semantic or episodic

facts and gen knowledge

episodic is experienced events

explicit memories processed in

hippocampus, fed to other regions for storage

3 Subregions of hippocampus

One active as learning social info

One active as memory engage in spatial mnemonics

One active (rear) processing spatial memory and growing bigger as london cabbies navigate maze of streets

Are memories permanently stored in hippocampus

no, loading dock—memory consolidation

Why did the old lady not shake hands?

implicit long term memory, remembered bad result (conditioned) despite not being able to explicitly recall why

cerebellum in term if memory

processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

role in implicit memories

What goes away with a damaged cerebellum?

Ability to form implicit memories/certain conditioned reflexes

Infantile amnesia

first 4 years consciously not remembered

influences for infantile amnesia

index most of explicit memory with command if language children dont have—hippocampus one of last brain structures to mature and as it does more is retained

what role amygdala plays in memory processing?

Stress provokes amygdala to initiate a memory trace boosting activity in brains memory forming areas

evenrs triggering emotional events are

flashbulb memory

Increased efficiency of potential neural firing is called

long term potentiation or LTP and provides neural basis for learning and remembering associations

What is LTP?

long term potentiation

increasing in cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation—neural basis for learning and memory

What are retrieval cues?

Encoding and remembering bits of situation of the time, retrieval cues that help to later access info

What are the best retrieval cues?

Associations formed at time we encode, smells tastes and sights—mentally place selves in original context

perceptual set versus priming

percep set is tendency to notice some aspects of SENSORY data

priming is implicit memory effect in which EXPOSURE influences later response

Priming example with rabbit

after seeing rabbit, more likely to hear hare over hair

What is encoding specificity principle?

Idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory are most effective in helping us recall it

What is state dependent memory?

If we learn in one physiological state, more easily recalled in that state

What is mood congruent memory?

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state (mood)

Mood congryency impact duration of moods?

Mood effects on retrieval help ezplain why moods persist, we remember sad when sad happy when happy

Serial position effect?

remember first and last best

Why does serial position effect work?

echoic or still in working memory and rehearsal of first

Two types if forgetting

Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories due to injury or illness

Retrograde amnesia: inability of retrieval of info because of injury or illness

Memory can occur at

any memory stage, encoding storage or retrieval

Why do we forget?

encoding failure, storage decay, or retrieval failure

Ebbinghaus storage decay?

Memory for novel info fades quickly then levels out

What is retrieval failure?

Long term memory not regearsed or important cannot be retrieved

Two factors influencing memory retrieval errors?

Proactive interference, forward acting of old on new

Retroactive interference, backward acting of new on recall of old

What us motivated forgetting?

Frued idea we repress to forget

What did Mckinnon show?

Trauma makes vivid, not repressed

What is reconsolidation?

Previously stored altered before being stored again

How does imagination impscy memmory?

Imaginining repeatedly creates false memories

what is source amnesia?

Faulty memorily for how when or where infor learned or imagined

How do prototypes affect illness?

When symptoms dont fit disease prototypes, slow to perceive illness

convergent v divergent thinking

convergent is narrowing to determine single best, divergent is outside the box—creative

Sternberg 5 components

Expertise, imaginative thinking, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment

algorithm vs heuristic

algorithm slower more accurate, heuristic is expediency

What happens in brain during insight?

burst of acitivty in right temporal lobe just above the ear

confirmation bias:

tendency to search for info supporting precinceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

what is fixation/functional fixedness

inability to see problem from new perspective, obstacle to problem solving

what is a mental set?

tendency to approach problem with mindset worked preciously, mental set what we THINK!!

what is intuition

effortless immediate automatic feeling contrasting with explicit conscious reasoning

twi intuitive mental shortcuts

representative heuristic vs availability heuristic

representative estimating likelihood of events in terms of how well they represent prototypes—lead to ignore other relevant info

availability heuristic

estimating likelihood based on availability in memory, instances coming readily we presume are common

How does availiability heuristic help recall?

more able to visualize remember more

What is the planning fallacy?

Overconfidence leads to planning fallacy, overestimating leisure time and income

What is belief perseverence

clinging to ones initial conceptions after basis on which they were formed and discredited

Syntax versus semantics

syntax structure semantics meaning

phoneme

smallest sound unit

morpheme

smallest unit with meaning

Noam Chomsky

language is unlearned human trait, separate from other parts of cognition

what is universal grammar

predisposed desire to learn grammar rules, noam chomsky

what is receptive language

ability to understand its said about them, take in but not say

how does millers magic number relate to cell phone

10 digit doesnt help

18 months of age

two word stage

Telegraphic speech

two word stage produces sentences hsing noun and verbs