Lifeguarding

rescue steps

a) gloves
b) check environment
c) presentation (name and function)
d) ask permission - if they want your help and if you can touch them
e) witnesses (ask if they saw what happened)
f) causal mechanism (check enviro to see clues for what happened)

level of consciousness for unconscious

sound (make some noise, clap hands)
tactile (touch victim, see if they respond)

when calling EMS what to ask for

AED, blanket, oxygen, first aid kit

primary assessment

- level of consciousness
- call EMS
- airways
- breathing
- circulation

what to do to check the airways

chin lift

breathing in unconscious victim

check breathing visually for 5 seconds

victim is not breathing

CPR
start with compressions if victim was on dry land
1st insufflation - (if air doesn't pass reposition head with chin lift)
2nd insufflation
30 compressions
check in mouth visually (take out object if reachable)

circulation conscious/breathing

wet check (body part per body part)

SAMPLE

Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medication
Past medical history
Lunch/last meal
Event prior

secondary assessment

SAMPLE, joints and fractures, check vital signs

treating shock

WARTS

WARTS

Warmth
ABC's
Rest and reassurance (talk continuously to your victim, comfort)
Treatment
Semi-prone position

if victim pukes

- if because of you insufflations, clean vomit and start again giving 2 breaths
- if victim breathes or pukes by himself, recheck breathing (visual scan)

joints and fractures

head to toe exam
- if conscious, ask victim to move arms, fingers, legs, etc. does it hurt anywhere?

check vital signs

1. level of consciousness (where are we, what day are we, what is your name, how old are you)
2. breathing
3. pulse
4. skin
5. pupils (dilated, unequal)

signs and symptoms of stroke/TIA

FAST
Face (drooping)
Ability (lift both arms?)
Speech (slurred?)
Time (time to call 911)

treatment of stroke/tia

911
comfortable position (semi prone)
Clean saliva

treatment for allergic reaction

- tell the victim to get Benadryl or other pharmaceutical products (don't get it yourself)

asthma treatment

pump/inhaler/ventalin
while waiting for pump, coach breathing
- if the victim doesn't have their pump or it doesn't help them, CALL 911
*** you can't borrow someone else's asthma pump

spinal injury symptoms

loss of sensation/numbness/paralysis below injury
swelling/bruising at site

spinal injury treatment

- call 911
- immobilize head
- planking technique
*** check breathing
--> if victim not breathing, CPR immediately

chemical burns treatment

call 911
- rinse for 20 minutes, eyes 30 minutes (blinking)
- identify product and read safety data sheet
- sterile bandages
--> if entire hand is burned, make a bandage hat separates each finger after rinsing

degrees of skin burns

1: pain, redness, swelling
2: pain, redness, swelling, blisters, red
3: skin is brown, black or white , no blisters

heat burns first degree treatment

rinse with cool, clean water until heat dissipates

heat burns second degree treatment

rinse with cool, clean water , sterile compresses and bandages, don't burst blisters

heat burns third degree treatment

call 911
rinse with cool, clean water
moist sterile compresses on the flesh

general heat burn notices

- if entire hand is affected by burn, make a bandage that separates each finger
- call 911 if baby is:
--> burned on face or airways
--> burn surface is 5x times palm of hand

anaphylaxis treatment

call 911
EpiPen for 5-10 seconds

notes about epipens

- you can borrow someone else's Epi pen
- no limit to amount of injections
- wait 5 mins between injection if it worsens and 10 mins if it stays the same

concussion teratment

- call 911
- ask victim to stop moving
- stabilize victim's head

heat stroke treatment

- call 911
- ice under warmest parts of body (armpits)
- venitlation
- shade
- cool, damp towel
- don't give water if victim semi-conscious
--> never put ice directly on skin and no more than 15-20 minutes per hour

cramps treatment

- massage
- stretching
- electrolyte drink
- food rich in mineral salts

treatment of heart attack/angina

- call 911
- nitroglycerin (max 3 doses under the tongue in intervals of 3-5 mins)
- aspirin (1 325mg or 2-4 80mg)
- loosen tight clothes around chest
- no exertion

when can a victim not hav enitroglycrin

if they have taken viagra/cialis/levitra in the past 48 hours

when can a victim not take aspirin

if they are allergic or if their doctor said no

broken tooth tratment

- stop the bleeding with sterile material
- find the broken tooth and put it in milk, water or saliva

types of diabetes

hypoglycaemia = missing sugar
hyperglycaemia = too much sugar

diabetes treatment

- if they have their medic alert let them test
- give them sugar if hypoglycaemia
- call 911 if victim doesn't have their insulin or glycometer or if situation gets worse
- do not administer or tell them to take their insulin

electrical burns/electrocution

- call 911
- move away from the victim!!
- search for entry and exit points of current
- if secure zone, treat like second degree burn
- don't move the victim
- perform CPR if necessary

poisoning treatment

- call 911 or poison control
- identify the source
- listen to the directions from the phone and/or find the data security sheet and follow that

frostbite

- call 911 if needed
- gently warm up
- immerse limb in warm water for 20-30 mins
- don't use chemical hand warmers

sprain/strain treatment

- rest
- ask victim to stop the activity that caused it
- immobilization
- bandaging
- cold compress
- elevate affected limb

epilepsy

call 911
- clear objects around victim
- note number of seizures and duration
- protect victim's head

heat exhaustion treatment

- ventilation
- cool, damp towel
- shade
- water/electrolytes

fainting treatment

- tell them to see a doctor
- if victim hit their head, concussion and 911
- keep victim lying on ground

treatment of internal bleeding

- call 911 if it touches an important organ
- ice
- don't give them food or water

hyporthermia treamtent for each degree

1: warm drink, blanket (cover head to toe), dry and warm clothes, do not rub
2: 911, blanket (cover head to toe), dry and warm clothes, do not rub, do not give drink
3: 911, keep victim awake, CPR if necessary, blanket (cover head to toe), dry and warm clothes, do not rub, do not give drink

dislocation treatment

- call 911
- bandages
- immobilisation
- ice

dog or snake bite treatment

- call 911
- tourniquet underneath the wound
- position wound so it is below level of heart and immobile

drowning/non-swimmer treatment

- 911 if necessary
- advise victim to see doctor if they have difficulty breathing in the next 72 hours

pneumothorax treatment

- call 911
- apply a permeable, non adhesive dressing over wound and open it from time to time

nosebleed when to call 911

if it's bleeding for more than 20 mins