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Organic compounds are compounds composed of
carbon covalently bonded to one or more atoms
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, which allows it to form covalent bonds with up to
4 other atoms
When forming single bonds, the hybrid orbitals formed through covalent bonds
form a
“tetrahedron” with the carbon atom at the center
When forming double bonds the hybrid orbitals form along the same plane, giving that molecule (or part of a molecule) a
“flat” shape
Carbon “skeletons” form the scaffolding of
most organic molecules
Carbon skeletons can vary in length and shape as a result of differences in
atomic
configuration and bond patterns
The variation in the structure of carbon skeletons is what allows for
molecular
diversity
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist only of
hydrogen and carbon
atoms. Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic
Isomers are compounds that contain the
same number and type of component
atoms but have different molecular structure due to bond arrangement
Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of
their atoms
Cis-trans isomers (aka geometric isomers) have the same number and types of
bonds between the same elements, but differ in atomic arrangement due to inflexible double bond patterns
Cis isomers have the same elements on the
same “side” of the molecule
Trans isomers have the same elements but
on opposite “sides” of the molecule
Enantiomers are unique types of isomers that are
mirror images of each
other due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon
Asymmetric carbons are carbons that are
bonded to four atoms or groups
of atoms
Functional groups are specific configuration of atoms attached to
carbon
skeletons
There are seven functional groups that are
extremely important in most biological processes
Carbonyl group – composed of a
grouped carbon double bonded to oxygen(>C=O), with the carbon then singled bonded to two other atoms or groups
Ketones are molecules with
carbonyl groups bound within a carbon skeleton (specific names
generally end in –one)
Aldehydes are molecules with
carbonyl groups bound to the end of a carbon skeleton
(specific names generally end in –hyde or –anal)
Carboxyl group composed of a
central carbon double bonded to oxygen (– COOH) and single bonded to an oxygen-hydrogen group
Methyl group composed of a
central carbon single bonded to three hydrogens
( –CH3)
Hydroxyl group composed of an
oxygen and hydrogen grouped (–OH or HO– ) bonded to a central carbon. General compounds are named alcohols with specific molecule names ending in –ol
Amino group composed of a
nitrogen single bonded to two hydrogens (–NH 2) Compounds are named amines
Sulfhydryl group composed of
a sulfur single bonded to a hydrogen (–SH). Compounds are named thiols
Phosphate group
composed of three oxygens bonded to a central phosphorus atom
with a fourth double bonded to that central atom (–OPO32- )
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of
adenosine (a nucleoside) bound to three phosphate groups
ATP is an extremely important in
cell metabolic process because of the reactivity of phosphate groups and water
During metabolic processes the bond between the third phosphate and the rest of the molecule is severed producing
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), a free phosphate ion, and energy