Ch. 4 Carbon and Life

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
full-widthCall with Kai
GameKnowt Play
New
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/28

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

29 Terms

1
New cards

Organic compounds are compounds composed of

carbon covalently bonded to one or more atoms

2
New cards

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, which allows it to form covalent bonds with up to

4 other atoms

3
New cards

When forming single bonds, the hybrid orbitals formed through covalent bonds
form a

“tetrahedron” with the carbon atom at the center

4
New cards

When forming double bonds the hybrid orbitals form along the same plane, giving that molecule (or part of a molecule) a

“flat” shape

5
New cards

Carbon “skeletons” form the scaffolding of

most organic molecules

6
New cards

Carbon skeletons can vary in length and shape as a result of differences in

atomic
configuration and bond patterns

7
New cards

The variation in the structure of carbon skeletons is what allows for

molecular
diversity

8
New cards

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist only of

hydrogen and carbon
atoms. Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic

9
New cards

Isomers are compounds that contain the

same number and type of component
atoms but have different molecular structure due to bond arrangement

10
New cards

Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of

their atoms

11
New cards

Cis-trans isomers (aka geometric isomers) have the same number and types of

bonds between the same elements, but differ in atomic arrangement due to inflexible double bond patterns

12
New cards

Cis isomers have the same elements on the

same “side” of the molecule

13
New cards

Trans isomers have the same elements but

on opposite “sides” of the molecule

14
New cards

Enantiomers are unique types of isomers that are

mirror images of each
other due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

15
New cards

Asymmetric carbons are carbons that are

bonded to four atoms or groups
of atoms

16
New cards

Functional groups are specific configuration of atoms attached to

carbon
skeletons

17
New cards

There are seven functional groups that are

extremely important in most biological processes

18
New cards

Carbonyl group – composed of a

grouped carbon double bonded to oxygen(>C=O), with the carbon then singled bonded to two other atoms or groups

19
New cards

Ketones are molecules with

carbonyl groups bound within a carbon skeleton (specific names
generally end in –one)

20
New cards

Aldehydes are molecules with

carbonyl groups bound to the end of a carbon skeleton
(specific names generally end in –hyde or –anal)

21
New cards

Carboxyl group composed of a

central carbon double bonded to oxygen (– COOH) and single bonded to an oxygen-hydrogen group

22
New cards

Methyl group composed of a

central carbon single bonded to three hydrogens
( –CH3)

23
New cards

Hydroxyl group composed of an

oxygen and hydrogen grouped (–OH or HO– ) bonded to a central carbon. General compounds are named alcohols with specific molecule names ending in –ol

24
New cards

Amino group composed of a

nitrogen single bonded to two hydrogens (–NH 2) Compounds are named amines

25
New cards

Sulfhydryl group composed of

a sulfur single bonded to a hydrogen (–SH). Compounds are named thiols

26
New cards

Phosphate group

composed of three oxygens bonded to a central phosphorus atom
with a fourth double bonded to that central atom (–OPO32- )

27
New cards

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of

adenosine (a nucleoside) bound to three phosphate groups

28
New cards

ATP is an extremely important in

cell metabolic process because of the reactivity of phosphate groups and water

29
New cards

During metabolic processes the bond between the third phosphate and the rest of the molecule is severed producing

ADP (adenosine diphosphate), a free phosphate ion, and energy