The Reformation

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 2 people
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/58

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

59 Terms

1
New cards

Who was Martin Luther?

broke off from the Catholic Church and started his own religious ideas that authentically connected to the Bible

2
New cards

Why did Martin Luther break away from the Catholic Church

  • did not like the sale of indulgences

  • did not like the amount of power priest’s had

3
New cards

Early Luther

  • struggled with confession

  • justification: act by which a person is made deserving of salvation

4
New cards

Luter wrote ____________________ to combat the sale of indulgences

The Ninety-Five Theses

5
New cards

Debate between Luther and Johanne Eck

compelled Luther to see a different perspective in his rebellion

6
New cards

Luther’s Pamphlets

addressed and attacked issues within the Catholic Church and brought new ideas and interpretations to the uprising reformation

7
New cards

January 1521

Luther summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Empire, was outlawed, and sent into hiding in Wartburg for a year

8
New cards

Rise of Lutheranism

  • Luther returned to Wittenberg (1522)

  • Began to organized a reformed church and translated the New Testament to German

  • Preachers spread Luther’s word

9
New cards

First imperial city to convert to Lutheranism

Nuremberg in 1525

10
New cards

Reformation was mostly….. in the beginning

urban…. and many upper class clergy helped spread Luther’s ideas

11
New cards

Most of Luther’s support came from…

young Christian humanists and State Authority

12
New cards

The Peasant’s Wars started because

Peasants experienced no economic benefits and lacked support from Luther

13
New cards

The Peasant’s Wars started in…

1524

14
New cards

True or False: Luther supported the peasants in the Peasant’s War

FALSE

15
New cards

Chronology of Luther’s Reform movement

1517: Ninety- Five Theses

1519: Leipzig debate

1524- 1525: the Peasant’s War

16
New cards

Organization of the new reformed church

  • justification by faith

  • only kept two sacraments

  • denied a hierarchy of priests

  • started a tangible church to gain support

17
New cards

Charles V focused on…

maintaining power and Christianity

18
New cards

How did Charles’ problems help Luther?

distracted him and allowed Luther to grow Lutheranism

19
New cards

French and the Papacy

  • lots of conflict between Germany and France

  • Papal concerned with politics, not religion

  • Habsburg- Valois War (1527-1529)

    • brutal sacking of Catholics by Charles made Pope Clement allies with Charles V and allowed Charles to stand over most of Italty

20
New cards

Ottoman Empire

Experienced issues with Charles V but did not conquer Christian Europe

21
New cards

Politics in Germany

  • land of several hundred territorial states

    • no desire for a united land or one leader

  • 1530: Attempted to settle Lutheran “problem”

22
New cards

What was the Schmalkaldic League?

Defensive alliance (pro Luther) in Germany

23
New cards

Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547)

  • Battle of Muhlberg

  • Schmalkaldic League reestablished despite loss

    • allied themselves with French King, Henry ||

  • King Charles negotiated a truce

24
New cards

Peace of Augsburg (1555) ***

  • acknowledged the divide of Christianity by granting Lutheranism and Catholicism equal rights

  • Granted German ruler to determine religion of subjects

25
New cards

Zwingli (1494- 1531)

  • influenced by Christian humanism

  • appointed as Cathedral Priest in Great Minister of Zurich

    • began reformation in Switzerland

    • reformation caused civil unrest until public debates led Zwingli to be appointed to declare the Gospel

26
New cards

Reforms in Zurich

  • Appointed state to supervise church

  • replaced/ removed: mass, music, pilgrimages, vernation of saints, clergy celibacy, pope’s authority

  • Sought alliance with Luther to combat oppression

27
New cards

Martin Bucer (1491- 1551)

Combined Luther and Zwingli movements

28
New cards

What divided the Swiss Protestant and Catholic Cantons?

Interpretations of the Lord’s Supper

29
New cards

What was the Radical Reformation

some “radicals” rejected ANY state involvement in Catholicism- called Anabaptists

30
New cards

Anabaptists

  • return to practices of early Christianity

  • ALL are equal

  • each church chose its own minister

  • complete separation of the Church and State

31
New cards

What was the only thing Protestants and Catholics agreed on?

they both hated Anabaptists and sought to get rid of them

32
New cards

Variety of Anabaptists

  • Swiss Brethren (Anabaptists) expelled from Zwingli

  • Fled and found shelter in Poland and Netherlands

  • Netherlands

    • Millenarism: believed end of world and Munster would be New Jerusalem

    • Millenarian baptists drove everyone out

    • Catholic re-took city and returned to peaceful ways

      • origin of “Mennonites”

33
New cards

What was the Reformation like in England?

  • initiated by King Henry V|| who brought in new advisors

    • New advisors initiated Reformation in politics after Henry’s death

  • 1534: parliament passed Act of Supremacy that states the King was the ruler of the church

  • Treason Act: punishable by death to deny the King was ruler of the church

34
New cards

Why did Henry’s advisors have political power?

Henry’s son with his third wife was too young to be king

35
New cards

Reaction under Mary

  • daughter of Henry

  • Hated and burned Protestant Heretics

    • “Bloody Mary”

  • Mary’s death marked the end of the attempt to restore Catholicism

36
New cards

John Calvin

  • second generation protestant reformer

  • influenced by Luther and liberal arts

  • Experienced religious crisis and was convinced of inner guidance of God

  • Fled to Basel where he wrote “Institutes of the Christian” which became a symbol of Protestantism

37
New cards

Calvin’s ideas

  • absolute sovereignty of God

  • 3 tests of salvation

    • open profession of faith

    • decent and godly life

    • baptism and communion

  • still no guarantee of salvation

  • Jesus is spiritually present in the Lord’s Supper

38
New cards

Early spread of Calvinism (Geneva)

  • 1541: City Council accepted Calvin’s Church

  • Lots of levels to oversee the church

  • Became vibrant with Protestantism

  • Replaced Lutheranism as pillar of Reformation

39
New cards

Social impacts of the Protestant Reformation

  • catholic and protestant preached positively about families

  • Kept traditional gender roles

  • Removed women from religion (no nuns)

  • Men and women read the Bible

    • women’s literacy

  • Small, alternate schools for girls

40
New cards

Education in the Reformation

  • took inspiration from Renaissance humanist schools

  • all children should have the chance to be educated

  • divided students into 3 classes based on age and capibilities

41
New cards

Private schools VS Public schools

Private: gymnasium, 7 classes, Greek and Latin, literature and logic

Public: philosophy, Hebrew, Greek, Theology

42
New cards

Religious practices and popular culture

  • Protestant Reformation abolished customary practices

  • Lack of Saints= lack of religious holidays and celebrations

  • Attempted to ban customary forms of entertainment: drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, dancing

43
New cards

Catholic Reformation vs Counter Reformation

  • revived best features of Medieval Catholicism

  • Mysticism

    • mystical experience should lead to a life of active service

    • tied to traditions of Catholic piety

  • Revival of old religious orders

    • Benedictines, Dominicans, Capuchins, Francians, Theatines, Ursulines

44
New cards

Society of Jesuits

  • religious order part of the Catholic Reformation

  • obedience in papacy, societal hierarchy, education, dedication

45
New cards

Activities of the Jesuits

  • Highly disciplined schools

  • believed a higher education was vital to combating Protestant Reformation

  • Francis Xavier

    • attempted to convert in Japan with propaganda

  • China

    • Traveling Jesuits convinced Chinese of the similarities between Christianity and Confucianism

46
New cards

How was the Papacy revived?

  • acknowledged faults

  • Pope Paul |||

    • nepotism

    • acknowledged and advocated for reform

    • appointed reform commission

    • recognized Jesuits and appointed Council of Trent

47
New cards

Council of Trent

  • 1545: clergy members met in city of Trenth

  • Prevented meetings bc plague, war, and changes in Popes

    • only met three times

  • Final decision:

    • only the church could interpret scripture

    • faith and good works necessary for salvation

    • belief in purgatory and indulgences

48
New cards

Mannerism:

  • reflected anxiety and yearning for spiritual experience

  • deliberately distorted proportion

  • Started in Italy but spread to the rest of Europe

49
New cards

Main difference between Luther and Calvin

Calvin believed that your salvation was predetermined- God knew to send you to heaven or hell before you were born

50
New cards

The Baroque Period

  • replaced mannerism

  • Initially resisted by eventually spread

  • classical ideas of Renaissance with spiritual inclusions

  • drama to heighten emotion

51
New cards

French classicism

  • France replaced Italy in cultural leadership

  • Rejected Baroque and stuck with classical values

  • represented French society: chaos to order

52
New cards

Dutch realism

  • Wealthy partisans commissioned paintings

  • reflected interests: themselves, military companies, landscapes, seascapes, genre scenes, still lives, interiors of residence

  • Neither classical or Baroque: focused on secular, everyday life

53
New cards

Age of Theater

  • writing reached new heights between 1580 and 1640

  • vernacular but Latin was no longer the universal literary language

  • Greatest age of English literature called Elizabethan

  • Drama

54
New cards

WIlliam Shakespeare

  • appeared in 1592 when people already loved the stage

  • admission being only a penny allowed lower classes to also attend

  • pressures to write for all types of viewers

  • also an actor and shareholder

  • v

55
New cards

Spain’s Golden Century

  • theater was one of the most creative forms of expression

  • many public play houses

56
New cards

French Drama

  • opened as England and Spain closed

  • Louis XlV used it to attract attention to his monarchy

  • themes and plots from classical Greece and Rome

57
New cards

Politics and Wars of Religion in 16th century

  • Calvinism and Catholicism became activist

58
New cards

French Civil Wars AKA French Wars of Religion

  • French Kings tried to persecute Calvinists

  • French Calvinists called Huguenots

  • Many nobles converted to Calvinism

  • Catholic still outnumbered Calvinists

  • Catherine de’ Medici sought compromise but both groups were unwilling

  • extreme catholics: ultra catholics

    • lead by Guise family

  • Hatred toward centralized monarchy grew

59
New cards

Course of struggle in French Wars of Religion

  • 1652: Duke of Guise massacred peaceful congregation

  • Huguenots good at defense; could not be easily defeated

  • Temporarily reconciled through a monarchy marriage

  • Large massacre in 1572: Catholics slaughtered Huguenots

  • Huguenots rebuilt and catholics created “Holy League”

  • War of the Three Henries

    • throne taken by Catholics in plot

  • the Edict of Nantes (1598)

    • officially catholic but allowed Calvinism