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Who was Martin Luther?
broke off from the Catholic Church and started his own religious ideas that authentically connected to the Bible
Why did Martin Luther break away from the Catholic Church
did not like the sale of indulgences
did not like the amount of power priest’s had
Early Luther
struggled with confession
justification: act by which a person is made deserving of salvation
Luter wrote ____________________ to combat the sale of indulgences
The Ninety-Five Theses
Debate between Luther and Johanne Eck
compelled Luther to see a different perspective in his rebellion
Luther’s Pamphlets
addressed and attacked issues within the Catholic Church and brought new ideas and interpretations to the uprising reformation
January 1521
Luther summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Empire, was outlawed, and sent into hiding in Wartburg for a year
Rise of Lutheranism
Luther returned to Wittenberg (1522)
Began to organized a reformed church and translated the New Testament to German
Preachers spread Luther’s word
First imperial city to convert to Lutheranism
Nuremberg in 1525
Reformation was mostly….. in the beginning
urban…. and many upper class clergy helped spread Luther’s ideas
Most of Luther’s support came from…
young Christian humanists and State Authority
The Peasant’s Wars started because
Peasants experienced no economic benefits and lacked support from Luther
The Peasant’s Wars started in…
1524
True or False: Luther supported the peasants in the Peasant’s War
FALSE
Chronology of Luther’s Reform movement
1517: Ninety- Five Theses
1519: Leipzig debate
1524- 1525: the Peasant’s War
Organization of the new reformed church
justification by faith
only kept two sacraments
denied a hierarchy of priests
started a tangible church to gain support
Charles V focused on…
maintaining power and Christianity
How did Charles’ problems help Luther?
distracted him and allowed Luther to grow Lutheranism
French and the Papacy
lots of conflict between Germany and France
Papal concerned with politics, not religion
Habsburg- Valois War (1527-1529)
brutal sacking of Catholics by Charles made Pope Clement allies with Charles V and allowed Charles to stand over most of Italty
Ottoman Empire
Experienced issues with Charles V but did not conquer Christian Europe
Politics in Germany
land of several hundred territorial states
no desire for a united land or one leader
1530: Attempted to settle Lutheran “problem”
What was the Schmalkaldic League?
Defensive alliance (pro Luther) in Germany
Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547)
Battle of Muhlberg
Schmalkaldic League reestablished despite loss
allied themselves with French King, Henry ||
King Charles negotiated a truce
Peace of Augsburg (1555) ***
acknowledged the divide of Christianity by granting Lutheranism and Catholicism equal rights
Granted German ruler to determine religion of subjects
Zwingli (1494- 1531)
influenced by Christian humanism
appointed as Cathedral Priest in Great Minister of Zurich
began reformation in Switzerland
reformation caused civil unrest until public debates led Zwingli to be appointed to declare the Gospel
Reforms in Zurich
Appointed state to supervise church
replaced/ removed: mass, music, pilgrimages, vernation of saints, clergy celibacy, pope’s authority
Sought alliance with Luther to combat oppression
Martin Bucer (1491- 1551)
Combined Luther and Zwingli movements
What divided the Swiss Protestant and Catholic Cantons?
Interpretations of the Lord’s Supper
What was the Radical Reformation
some “radicals” rejected ANY state involvement in Catholicism- called Anabaptists
Anabaptists
return to practices of early Christianity
ALL are equal
each church chose its own minister
complete separation of the Church and State
What was the only thing Protestants and Catholics agreed on?
they both hated Anabaptists and sought to get rid of them
Variety of Anabaptists
Swiss Brethren (Anabaptists) expelled from Zwingli
Fled and found shelter in Poland and Netherlands
Netherlands
Millenarism: believed end of world and Munster would be New Jerusalem
Millenarian baptists drove everyone out
Catholic re-took city and returned to peaceful ways
origin of “Mennonites”
What was the Reformation like in England?
initiated by King Henry V|| who brought in new advisors
New advisors initiated Reformation in politics after Henry’s death
1534: parliament passed Act of Supremacy that states the King was the ruler of the church
Treason Act: punishable by death to deny the King was ruler of the church
Why did Henry’s advisors have political power?
Henry’s son with his third wife was too young to be king
Reaction under Mary
daughter of Henry
Hated and burned Protestant Heretics
“Bloody Mary”
Mary’s death marked the end of the attempt to restore Catholicism
John Calvin
second generation protestant reformer
influenced by Luther and liberal arts
Experienced religious crisis and was convinced of inner guidance of God
Fled to Basel where he wrote “Institutes of the Christian” which became a symbol of Protestantism
Calvin’s ideas
absolute sovereignty of God
3 tests of salvation
open profession of faith
decent and godly life
baptism and communion
still no guarantee of salvation
Jesus is spiritually present in the Lord’s Supper
Early spread of Calvinism (Geneva)
1541: City Council accepted Calvin’s Church
Lots of levels to oversee the church
Became vibrant with Protestantism
Replaced Lutheranism as pillar of Reformation
Social impacts of the Protestant Reformation
catholic and protestant preached positively about families
Kept traditional gender roles
Removed women from religion (no nuns)
Men and women read the Bible
women’s literacy
Small, alternate schools for girls
Education in the Reformation
took inspiration from Renaissance humanist schools
all children should have the chance to be educated
divided students into 3 classes based on age and capibilities
Private schools VS Public schools
Private: gymnasium, 7 classes, Greek and Latin, literature and logic
Public: philosophy, Hebrew, Greek, Theology
Religious practices and popular culture
Protestant Reformation abolished customary practices
Lack of Saints= lack of religious holidays and celebrations
Attempted to ban customary forms of entertainment: drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, dancing
Catholic Reformation vs Counter Reformation
revived best features of Medieval Catholicism
Mysticism
mystical experience should lead to a life of active service
tied to traditions of Catholic piety
Revival of old religious orders
Benedictines, Dominicans, Capuchins, Francians, Theatines, Ursulines
Society of Jesuits
religious order part of the Catholic Reformation
obedience in papacy, societal hierarchy, education, dedication
Activities of the Jesuits
Highly disciplined schools
believed a higher education was vital to combating Protestant Reformation
Francis Xavier
attempted to convert in Japan with propaganda
China
Traveling Jesuits convinced Chinese of the similarities between Christianity and Confucianism
How was the Papacy revived?
acknowledged faults
Pope Paul |||
nepotism
acknowledged and advocated for reform
appointed reform commission
recognized Jesuits and appointed Council of Trent
Council of Trent
1545: clergy members met in city of Trenth
Prevented meetings bc plague, war, and changes in Popes
only met three times
Final decision:
only the church could interpret scripture
faith and good works necessary for salvation
belief in purgatory and indulgences
Mannerism:
reflected anxiety and yearning for spiritual experience
deliberately distorted proportion
Started in Italy but spread to the rest of Europe
Main difference between Luther and Calvin
Calvin believed that your salvation was predetermined- God knew to send you to heaven or hell before you were born
The Baroque Period
replaced mannerism
Initially resisted by eventually spread
classical ideas of Renaissance with spiritual inclusions
drama to heighten emotion
French classicism
France replaced Italy in cultural leadership
Rejected Baroque and stuck with classical values
represented French society: chaos to order
Dutch realism
Wealthy partisans commissioned paintings
reflected interests: themselves, military companies, landscapes, seascapes, genre scenes, still lives, interiors of residence
Neither classical or Baroque: focused on secular, everyday life
Age of Theater
writing reached new heights between 1580 and 1640
vernacular but Latin was no longer the universal literary language
Greatest age of English literature called Elizabethan
Drama
WIlliam Shakespeare
appeared in 1592 when people already loved the stage
admission being only a penny allowed lower classes to also attend
pressures to write for all types of viewers
also an actor and shareholder
v
Spain’s Golden Century
theater was one of the most creative forms of expression
many public play houses
French Drama
opened as England and Spain closed
Louis XlV used it to attract attention to his monarchy
themes and plots from classical Greece and Rome
Politics and Wars of Religion in 16th century
Calvinism and Catholicism became activist
French Civil Wars AKA French Wars of Religion
French Kings tried to persecute Calvinists
French Calvinists called Huguenots
Many nobles converted to Calvinism
Catholic still outnumbered Calvinists
Catherine de’ Medici sought compromise but both groups were unwilling
extreme catholics: ultra catholics
lead by Guise family
Hatred toward centralized monarchy grew
Course of struggle in French Wars of Religion
1652: Duke of Guise massacred peaceful congregation
Huguenots good at defense; could not be easily defeated
Temporarily reconciled through a monarchy marriage
Large massacre in 1572: Catholics slaughtered Huguenots
Huguenots rebuilt and catholics created “Holy League”
War of the Three Henries
throne taken by Catholics in plot
the Edict of Nantes (1598)
officially catholic but allowed Calvinism