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Policing
Activities maintaining security for public or private entities.
High Constables
Early municipal officers in Upper Canada districts.
Night Watchman
Security role in Quebec City during early policing.
Origins of Policing
Historical development of policing practices in Canada.
Impression Management
Controlling public perception in policing contexts.
Griffiths (2013) Definition
Legal activities for social order by organizations.
Public vs Private Policing
Distinction between government and private security roles.
Constables
Appointed citizens overseeing law enforcement duties.
Boards of Commissioners
Groups overseeing constables in Upper Canada.
Robert Peel
Founder of London Metropolitan Police in 1829.
Peel's 9 Principles
Guidelines emphasizing public cooperation and accountability.
Public Cooperation
Essential for effective policing and law observance.
Crime Prevention
Primary mission of police to maintain order.
Police Efficiency Test
Measured by absence of crime and disorder.
North West Mounted Police
Established for western settlement and law enforcement.
Dominion Police
Federal police force created in 1873.
Civilian Employment in Policing
Increased roles for civilians since 1960s.
Female Officers
First recruited in 1913, significant increase by 1970s.
Technological Change
Impact of computers and data management on policing.
Two-way Radio
Improved communication and coordination in police work.
Impression Management
Goffman's concept of life as performance in policing.
Organizational Complexity
Growth in police structure and division of labor.
Bureaucratic Growth
Increased administrative practices in police organizations.
Performance Indicators
Metrics used to assess police effectiveness and efficiency.
Police Services Boards
Civilian oversight bodies for municipal police services.
Special Investigations Unit
Provincial unit for investigating police conduct.
Police Services Act
Legislation governing police conduct and accountability.
Visible Minority Identification
Percentage of police identifying as visible minorities.
Indigenous Police Services
Police forces serving First Nations communities.
Crime Rates During Covid-19
Impact of pandemic on crime statistics and policing.
Presentation of Self
How individuals manage their public image.
Congruence
Alignment between appearance and expectations.
Deviance
Behavior that violates social norms.
Front Stage
Public persona presented to others.
Back Stage
Private self, away from public view.
Role Theory
Social positions defined by expectations.
Role Strain
Tension within a single role's expectations.
Role Conflict
Tension between different roles' expectations.
Salience Hierarchy
Ranking of roles by importance and commitment.
Law Enforcement
Primary police function, involving arrests and tickets.
Order Maintenance
Police role focused on peacekeeping and control.
Social Workers
Police role providing emotional and system support.
Knowledge Workers
Police role involving data collection and analysis.
The Impossible Mandate
Challenge of balancing multiple police roles effectively.
Police Image
Public perception of law enforcement over time.
Image Management
Strategies to maintain a positive public image.
Police Authority
Legitimacy and power of law enforcement.
Recruitment
Process of selecting individuals for police roles.
Training
Preparation of officers for their policing duties.
Canadian Policing
Overview of policing structures in Canada.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Federal police service providing provincial policing.
Municipal Police Organizations
Local police departments serving cities and towns.
First Nations Policing
Self-administered police services for Indigenous communities.
Role Conflict
Competing demands causing stress and anxiety for officers.
Recruitment Reasons
Helping others, financial security, and excitement ranked.
Basic Criteria
Minimum age 18, citizen, high school diploma.
Outreach Methods
Media, social media, community events for recruitment.
Constable Selection System
Operated by Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police.
Psychological Screening
MMPI-2 assesses behavioral and attitudinal issues.
Background Check
Evaluates personal history through family and friends.
Training Duration
RCMP training lasts 26 weeks in Regina.
Ontario Police Academy
Minimum 13 weeks training at Ontario Police College.
Paramilitary Structure
Hierarchy and camaraderie within police organizations.
Police Academy Training
Includes tactical skills, law, and physical conditioning.
Professional Model
Focus on law enforcement and crime fighting.
Community Policing Model
Emphasizes problem solving and community engagement.
Police 'Service' Model
Focus on communication and conflict resolution skills.
Training Concerns
Critique of disconnect between teaching and job needs.
Andragogy vs Pedagogy
Adult learning versus traditional teaching methods.
Functional Disconnect
Mismatch between training content and real-world application.
Soft Skills
Interpersonal skills emphasized in Police 'Service' Model.
Total Institution
Goffman's concept of strict organizational structure.
Thin Blue Line
Camaraderie and division between police and public.
Birzer and Tannehill Critique
Training creates soldier-like mentality in officers.
RNC Recruitment
Recruitment initiatives by Royal Newfoundland Constabulary.
Institutional inertia
Resistance to change within organizations or systems.
Paramilitary tradition
Military-style organization influencing law enforcement practices.
Masculine ideology
Cultural beliefs emphasizing male dominance and traits.
Low probability, high impact risk
Rare events with significant consequences when they occur.
Training length
Duration of training programs for law enforcement personnel.
Isolation
Separation from social interactions affecting mental health.
Maladaptive coping
Ineffective strategies to manage stress or trauma.
Consensus Perspective
Law reflects shared societal values and norms.
Conflict Perspective
Law serves to maintain power for the elite.
Pluralist Perspective
Law evolves and adapts to societal changes.
The Persons Case 1929
Legal case affirming women's rights in Canada.
Public Law
Regulates relationships affecting society at large.
Private Law
Governs relationships between private individuals.
Criminal Law
Defines crimes and punishments for offenders.
Substantive law
Defines rights and duties of individuals.
Procedural law
Outlines processes for legal proceedings.
Oakes Test
Test for justifying limits on rights in Canada.
Case Law
Law established by judicial decisions in cases.
Administrative Law
Regulates government agency actions and decisions.
Statute Law
Written laws enacted by legislative bodies.
Adversarial System
Legal system where opposing parties present cases.
Supreme Court of Canada
Highest court in Canada, final appellate authority.
Justiciable Problems
Civil issues with legal dimensions requiring resolution.
Civil Cases
Legal disputes between individuals or organizations.
Criminal Cases
Legal proceedings against individuals accused of crimes.
