Hallucinogens

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10 Terms

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Primary drug effect

Altered perceptual reality, CNS stimulation

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Main Substances

LSD, Psilocybin, Mescaline, MDMA, PCP, Ketamine, DMT

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Route of administration

Oral, snorted, smoked, injected

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Duration of effect

1–12 hrs

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Tolerance

Develops quickly

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Physical dependence

None

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Withdrawal

Minimal (MDMA: depression, fatigue)

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Acute effects

Hallucinations, sensory distortions, synesthesia, emotional enhancement, increased HR/BP

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Chronic effects

Memory loss, impulsivity, neurotoxicity (esp. MDMA), depression

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History & Figures

  • Witch trials (1691 Salem) – Ergot poisoning (fungus in rye) misattributed to witchcraft

  • Ergot – Source of lysergic acid (basis of LSD)

  • Albert Hofmann (1943) – First LSD trip (“Bicycle Day”)

  • MK-Ultra (CIA program, 1950s–70s) – Non-consensual LSD experiments

  • LSD – Potent, often distributed via blotter paper “tabs”

  • Psilocybin – Mushrooms, used since Aztec times; suppressed by Spaniards

  • Richard Schultes – Ethnobotanist, studied psilocybin mushrooms

  • Gordon Wasson (1957) – Introduced psilocybin to US public in Life magazine

  • Timothy Leary & Richard Alpert – Harvard Psychedelic Research, promoted self-administered psychedelic use