Harmony - Beyond Common Practice (21-31)

When two or more tones sound simultaneously, that is called…?

Harmony

Common practice tonality is also called…?

Common practice harmony

Where was common practice tonality developed?

Europe

When was common practice tonality developed?

Middle Ages

When was common practice tonality codified?

1750

Three or more pitches sounding simultaneously is a…?

Chord

A three-note chord consisting of two intervals of a third (three or four half steps) is a…?

Triad

Major triads (M) have what interval between the lower two pitches?

Major third

Major triads (M) have what interval between the upper two pitches?

Minor third

C-E-G is an example of what type of triad?

Major triad

Minor triads (m) have what interval between the lower two pitches?

Minor third

Minor triads (m) have what interval between the upper two pitches?

Major Third

C-Eb-G is an example of what type of triad?

Minor triad

The diminished triad (d) contains three pitches with two intervals of…?

Minor thirds

The augmented triad (A) contains three pitches with two intervals of…?

Major thirds

B-D-F is an example of what kind of triad?

Diminished Triad

A-C#-E# is an example of what kind of triad?

Augmented Triad

In both major and minor triads, the interval between the root and the fifth is a….?

Perfect fifth

In a diminished triad, the interval between the root and fifth of a triad is a…?

Tritone/Diminished Fifth/Augmented Fourth

In an augmented triad, the interval between the root and fifth of the triad is a…?

Minor sixth/Augmented Fifth

The lowest of the three notes in a triad is called a….?

Root

The middle note of a triad is called a…?

Third

The highest note on a triad is called the…?

Fifth

When the root of a triad is on the bottom, the chord is in…?

Root position

When the third of a triad is on the bottom, the chord is in…?

First inversion

When the fifth of a triad is on the bottom, the chord is in…?

Second inversion

When describing inverted chords, first inversion is indicated by a ___ following the chord symbol.

6

When describing inverted chords, second inversion is indicated by a 6 and a ___ aligned vertically.

4

True or False: ECGC is a triad, even though it has four notes.

True

Which term describes the set of seven notes that has been selected for use in a piece?

Key

Which three scale degrees determine if a scale is major or minor?

3, 6, and 7

Any note not contained in a scale (ex: G# in a C Major scale) is a…?

Chromatic Pitch

Which term describes the set of sharps or flats at the beginning of every staff that indicates the key of the music?

Key Signature

Which two scales require an F#?

G Major and E Minor

The symbol before a note (b, #, etc) is called a/an…?

Accidental

How many minor scales are there?

15

How many scales are there total (major and minor)

30

Which major scale contains only natural notes?

C Major

Which term describes a series of chords and intervals that moves a musical piece from dissonance to consonance?

Harmonic Progression

Which term describes the quality of a pitch, interval, or chord that makes it seem unstable or tense?

Dissonance

What is the opposite of dissonance?

Consonance

True or False: dissonance is absolute, not relative.

False

True or False: the tritone is considered the most dissonant interval.

True

C-F# has what interval?

Tritone

What does diatonic mean?

Within the key

What does chromatic mean?

Notes from outside the key

A diatonic triad built on the first scale degree is known as the…?

Tonic Triad

In a major key, the three natural major triads occur on which scale degrees?

1, 4, and 5

In a major key, the three natural minor triads occur on which scale degrees?

2, 3, and 6

In a major key, a triad built on the leading tone is what type of triad?

Diminished triad

Which chord contains both the fifth and seventh scale degree, signifying a resolve to the tonic pitch?

Dominant chord

Which term describes a chord which resolves or pulls to a dominant chord?

Pre-Dominant Harmonies

The most common predominant harmonies are built on which scale degrees?

Supertonic and subdominant

Which term describes a chain of triads pulling each other forward?

Chord progression

What is the most common chord progression?

Predominant-dominant-tonic

The way in which voices jump from chord to chord is known as…?

Voice leading

The lowest “voice” in a series of chords is known as the…?

Bass line

Bass lines typically play what part of the triad?

Root

What is a cadence?

Pausing points

The most common bass line descends by what interval?

Fifth

Which chord adds a fourth pitch that is a minor seventh from the root?

Dominant Seventh Chord (V⁷)

The V⁷ always uses which scale degrees?

5, 7. 2, and 4

In a dominant seventh (V⁷) chord, what is the distance between the seventh and fourth scale degree?

Tritone

G-B-D-F is an example of a…?

Dominant seventh chord

To embellish a triad, composers use which three intervals above the root note?

Sixth, seventh, and ninth

What type of harmony is diatonic and uses mostly triads?

Simple

What type of harmony is chromatic with four or more separate pitches playing simultaneously?

Complex

Which term involves mixing notes from parallel major minor modes?

Modal Mixture

In 1910, which individual concluded that music was so chromatic that the next step was to remove tonic resolve?

Arnold Schoenberg

Music with no fixed tonal center became known as…?

Atonal music

By 1925, what method did Arnold Schoenberg develop?

Twelve tone method

Who were Arnold Schoenberg’s protégés?

Anton Webern and Alban Berg

Anton Webern and Alban Berg used Arnold Schoenberg’s methods MOST extensively during which decade?

1930s

Which composer generated and categorized “noises”

Luigi Russolo

Chords that avoid tonic resolution are referred to as…?

Nonfunctional harmonies

Pentatonic scales contain how many notes?

Five

Which two scale degrees are removed from the pentatonic scale?

4th and 7th

In a whole-tone scale, how many notes are there?

Six

In a whole-tone scale, there are six notes, each a _____ apart.

Whole step

Octatonic scales contain how many notes per octave?

8

Which scale follows this pattern?

h-w-h-w-h-w-h-w

Octatonic

When two different keys are performed simultaneously, that is known as…?

Polytonality