enlightenment

What are the four types of revolutions identified?

Political, Cultural, Economic/Technological, Ideological

Which revolution is associated with the year 1776?

The American Revolution

What is the significance of the Enlightenment in revolutionary ideas?

It emphasized reason, individual rights, and challenged traditional authority.

What did the Scientific Revolution contribute to the Enlightenment?

It introduced the scientific method and empiricism, emphasizing knowledge through observation and reason.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A 16th-century movement that split from the Roman Catholic Church, emphasizing individual connections with God.

What are the common themes of revolutionary ideas during the Enlightenment?

Questioning tradition, rise of the individual, expansion of literacy, and a shift towards secular thought.

Who wrote 'Wealth of Nations' and what was its main argument?

Adam Smith; it criticized mercantilism and argued for supply and demand to dictate economic activity.

What concepts did Thomas Jefferson use in the US Declaration of Independence?

Natural rights and social contract theory developed by John Locke.

What are John Locke's natural rights?

Life, liberty, and property.

What are Jefferson's unalienable rights as stated in the Declaration of Independence?

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

What is social contract theory according to Thomas Hobbes?

Society needs a strong ruler to maintain safety and control.

What is John Locke's view on social contract theory?

Government must protect natural rights; if it fails, revolution is justified.

How did Enlightenment thought influence revolutions?

It inspired calls for popular sovereignty and constitutional government.

What were some reform movements inspired by the Enlightenment?

Expanded suffrage, abolition of slavery, and women's rights.

What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?

It was a landmark women's rights conference organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

What is nationalism?

Loyalty and devotion to a nation, often seeking sovereignty or self-government.

What was the goal of Ottomanism?

To create a shared Ottoman citizenship and identity among diverse ethnic and religious groups.

What led to Balkan nationalism?

Ethnic groups under Ottoman rule sought independence based on shared language and culture.

What was the outcome of Balkan nationalism?

It led to revolts, wars, and the formation of nation-states like Serbia and Greece.

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about human improvement?

Humans can improve through education, reform, and rational laws.

Who is Mary Wollstonecraft and what did she argue?

An advocate for women's rights; argued that women are not inferior to men but lack education.

What was Olympe de Gouges' contribution to women's rights?

She wrote the 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen' in response to the French Revolution.

What is the significance of the year 1776 in American history?

It marks the year of the Declaration of Independence, establishing the political foundation of America.

What is the relationship between the Enlightenment and revolutions across the Atlantic world?

Enlightenment ideas inspired revolutions in the U.S., France, Haiti, and Latin America.

What event is often cited as the start of World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

What philosophical concepts inspired the American Revolution?

Natural rights, social contract, popular sovereignty, and the right to revolt.

What was a key political motivation behind the American Revolution?

'No taxation without representation.'

What economic factors contributed to the American Revolution?

Increased taxes after the Seven Years' War and British restrictions on trade.

What political instability followed the French Revolution?

The Reign of Terror and corruption in the ruling Directory, leading to Napoleon's coup d'état.

How did the execution of King Louis XVI affect European monarchies?

It weakened traditional European monarchies.

What inspired the Haitian Revolution?

The French Revolution's language of universal rights and equality.

What were the economic motivations behind the French Revolution?

High taxes, tax inequality, and food shortages.

What role did Enlightenment salons play in the 18th century?

They fostered intellectual discourse among philosophers, artists, and scientists.

What was the social structure of the Ancien Régime in France?

It consisted of three estates: First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (commoners).

What was the primary continuity of the American Revolution?

It was primarily a political revolution that replaced one elite with another.

What significant change resulted from the American Revolution?

A republic replaced the monarchy, demonstrating that Enlightenment ideals could function as a government.

What was the economic system of colonialism?

It extracted raw materials from colonies and funneled wealth into European states.

What was the Concordat of 1801?

It restored some Catholic lands and powers but placed the state above the church.

What did the Napoleonic Code emphasize?

Equality before the law, property rights, secular authority, and patriarchy.

How did Napoleon contribute to French nationalism?

He built a French identity and used unity and patriotism to solidify his rule.

What was unique about the Haitian Revolution?

It was a slave revolt, differing from other revolutions.

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

A leader who built a disciplined army and negotiated with European powers during the Haitian Revolution.

What was the outcome of Napoleon's attempt to regain control of Haiti?

He sent forces to reinstitute slavery, leading to L'Ouverture's arrest.

What triggered Latin American independence movements?

Napoleon's invasions of Spain and Portugal provided an opportunity for revolutions.

What social hierarchy existed in colonial Latin America?

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos and mulattoes, Indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans.

What was the role of Creoles in the Latin American revolutions?

They led revolutions to gain political power but did not fully dismantle racial or class inequalities.

Who were Father Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos?

They organized mass revolts in Mexico but were ultimately unsuccessful.

What significant event occurred in Mexico in 1821?

Agustin de Iturbide was named Emperor of Mexico after a successful Criollo Revolution.

What was Simon Bolivar's role in South America?

He was a key leader in the independence movements across South America.