Geography and History Lecture Review

Exactly 250 vocabulary flashcards covering key geography and history concepts from the lecture transcript.

Maritimisation

The growing importance of seas and oceans in globalisation, especially for trade, resources, data and power, since the $1970s$.

Maritime space

A sea or ocean area used, controlled or contested by states, companies and other actors, involving resources, routes and military power.

Maritime zones

Legally defined sea areas under international law, including territorial waters, EEZs and the high seas.

Territorial waters

Sea area close to a coast where a state has sovereignty, usually up to $12$ nautical miles.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

A maritime zone up to $200$ nautical miles where a coastal state has rights over resources.

Continental shelf

The underwater extension of a continent that may give a state rights to seabed resources.

High seas

Maritime areas beyond national jurisdiction, open to all states but difficult to govern.

Law of the Sea / UNCLOS

International rules governing maritime rights, resources, navigation and maritime zones, established in $1982$.

Chokepoint

A narrow strategic passage where maritime flows concentrate and become vulnerable, such as Malacca, Hormuz, or Suez.

Containerisation

The use of standard containers to speed up loading, reduce costs and reorganise trade routes.

Logistics hub

A place where goods are stored, sorted and redistributed through transport networks, such as a port, airport or warehouse.

Hinterland

The inland area connected to a port and served by its transport networks.

Foreland

The overseas area connected to a port through shipping routes.

Submarine cables

Undersea cables carrying over $95\%$ of international digital communications and data flows.

Arctic shipping route

New routes like the Northwest Passage or Northern Sea Route made accessible by melting ice.

Maritime power

A state with strong ports, fleets, naval capacity, EEZs and influence over maritime spaces, like France or the UK.

Naval projection

The capacity to deploy military forces at sea or from the sea beyond national territory.

Overfishing

The depletion of fish stocks by fishing beyond their ability to regenerate.

Marine Protected Area (MPA)

A maritime area managed to protect ecosystems and resources over the long term.

Marine renewable energies

Energy produced from marine environments, such as offshore wind, tides or currents.

Globalisation

The growing interconnection of territories through flows of goods, capital, information, people and ideas.

Uneven integration

The unequal connection of territories to globalisation based on core/periphery logic.

Marginalisation

The process by which a territory or group is left aside from major flows, investment and opportunities.

Territorial reconfiguration

The transformation of a territory caused by new flows, actors or economic strategies.

Regional economic association

An agreement between states to reduce barriers and create regional trade or cooperation, such as ASEAN or USMCA.

Free zone / special economic zone

An area with tax or regulatory advantages designed to attract companies and investment.

Least Developed Country (LDC)

A country classified by the UN as among the poorest, characterized by low income and high vulnerability.

Emerging economy

A developing economy experiencing rapid growth and integration, such as China, India or Brazil.

Global value chain (GVC)

All the stages that add value to a product, from design and production to transport and sale.

New International Division of Labour (NIDL)

The global organisation of production tasks according to cost and skills, where design occurs in the core and assembly elsewhere.

Transnational Corporation (TNC)

A company operating in several countries, usually through subsidiaries and global strategies.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment made by a company or state directly in another country’s economy through a factory or subsidiary.

Asian integrated circuit

The interdependence of Asian territories in specialised stages of production.

Global city

A metropolis concentrating command functions and influence at a global scale, like London, New York or Paris.

Global command centre

A city or region that drives globalisation through political, financial, cultural or economic power.

Global Metropolitan Archipelago

A network of major global cities more connected to each other than to their surrounding territories.

Megalopolis

A large urban corridor made of connected metropolitan areas and communication axes.

Interface

A contact zone where exchanges between territories are concentrated, such as a coast or border.

Transport corridor

A linear space concentrating transport routes and flows, such as rail or road corridors.

Shrinking city

A city facing population loss, job loss and economic decline.

Gentrification

The arrival of wealthier residents in poorer urban areas, leading to rising prices and resident displacement.

Gini Index

A measure of income inequality where a higher index indicates greater inequality.

BRICS

A group of emerging powers seeking more influence, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

WTO

The World Trade Organization, which regulates global trade and settles disputes.

Governance

The coordination of actors and rules used to manage public affairs at different scales.

European Union (EU)

A regional organisation of $27$ European states with common institutions and policies.

Trade bloc

A group of countries reducing barriers to trade between themselves, like the EU single market.

Single market

An area where goods, services, capital and people can circulate freely.

Deepening

The process of strengthening EU integration through common rules, like the euro or Schengen.

Enlargement

The expansion of the EU to include new member states, notably in $2004$.

Schengen Area

A zone of free movement without systematic passport controls at internal borders.

Cohesion policy

EU policy designed to reduce territorial inequalities and support regional development.

Territorial cohesion

The goal of reducing regional disparities and helping all territories access development opportunities.

ERDF

The European Regional Development Fund, used to finance projects that reduce regional disparities.

Regional disparities

Differences in wealth, development or infrastructure between regions.

TEN-T

The Trans-European Transport Network, an EU strategy to connect territories through major transport corridors.

Multimodal platform

A hub where different transport modes connect, such as rail, road and port.

Competitiveness cluster

A concentration of firms, research centres and universities working together in an innovative sector.

Productivist agriculture

Intensive farming focused on high yields, often supported by the CAP.

Public-private partnership (PPP)

A project where public authorities and private companies share financing or management.

Visegrad Group

A coalition of Poland, Hungary, Czechia and Slovakia often defending common EU political positions.

European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)

EU cooperation with neighbouring countries to promote stability and security.

Euroregion

A cross-border territory where regions from different countries cooperate on shared issues.

Interreg

An EU programme supporting cooperation between regions across borders.

Border effect

Positive or negative impacts created by a border on flows, jobs and development.

Cross-border territory

A territory organised around flows and cooperation across a national border.

Local authority

An elected local or regional government unit in France, such as a commune or region.

Residential economy

A local economy based on services for residents and visitors rather than production.

Environmental transition

The transformation of society to reduce environmental damage and adapt to climate change.

Macrocephaly

A situation where one dominant metropolis, like Paris, outweighs all other cities in a national system.

World-wide economic depression

A global crisis following the $1929$ crash, marked by unemployment and trade collapse.

Economic nationalism

A policy prioritising national economic protection over international cooperation.

Protectionism

Tariffs or barriers used to protect national industries from foreign competition.

Collective security

The idea that states should act together through organisations like the League of Nations to preserve peace.

Appeasement

Making concessions to an aggressor, such as the $1938$ Munich Agreement, to avoid war.

Aggressor states

States challenging the international order through expansion, specifically Germany, Italy and Japan.

Totalitarianism

A regime seeking to control all aspects of politics, society, economy and private life.

Authoritarianism

A dictatorship restricting political freedom without necessarily controlling every aspect of life.

Fascism

A far-right ideology based on nationalism, anti-communism and militarism, exemplified by Mussolini.

Nazism

German fascism based on Hitler’s dictatorship, racism, antisemitism and Lebensraum.

Stalinism

Soviet communism under Stalin, characterized by a planned economy, terror and propaganda.

New European Order

The Nazi project to reorganise Europe under German domination and racial hierarchy.

Lebensraum

The Nazi aim of conquering Eastern Europe for German settlement and racial domination.

Grossraum

A German-dominated economic space designed to supply Germany with labour and raw materials.

Judeo-Bolshevism

An antisemitic myth used by Nazis to link Jews with communism to justify racial war.

War of extermination

A war aiming to destroy whole populations and ideologies, as seen on the Eastern Front.

Genocide

The deliberate attempt to destroy an ethnic, racial or religious group, such as the Holocaust.

Extermination camp

A camp designed primarily for mass murder, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Collaboration

Cooperation with an occupying power, such as the Vichy regime with Nazi Germany.

Resistance

Opposition to occupation through sabotage, intelligence or clandestine networks.

Order/disorder debate

A historiographical debate over whether Nazi-occupied Europe was a coherent order or a chaotic empire.

Intentionalism

An interpretation of Nazi history stressing Hitler’s long-term aims and ideology.

Functionalism

An interpretation of Nazi history stressing administrative chaos and competing agencies.

Structuralism

An interpretation of Nazi history highlighting how the regime's structure led to radicalisation.

Working towards the Führer

Ian Kershaw’s idea that Nazi officials anticipated Hitler’s wishes, creating ideological direction via chaos.

Material rupture

The physical destruction and death toll caused by WWII by $1945$.

Moral rupture

The shock caused by Nazi crimes leading to new international ideas about human rights.

New world order

The post-$1945$ system aiming to prevent war through institutions like the UN.

International law

Rules governing relations between states, including crimes beyond national borders defined at Nuremberg.

Crimes against humanity

Large-scale crimes, such as genocide or persecution, committed against civilian populations.