AP Psychology Unit 1 Terms

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Psychology

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56 Terms

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empiricism
* knowledge comes from **experience**
* science should rely on observation and experimentation
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structuralism
* edward titchener
* early school of psychology that used self-reflection (introspection) to examine the structural elements of the human mind
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introspection
elements of experience (sensations, images, feelings)
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functionalism
* william james
* early school of psychology that emphasized how behavior and mental processes enabble the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
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experimental psychology
the study of thinking and behavior using the experimental method
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behaviorism
* the view that psychology should only focus on the scientific study of observable behaviors
* NO MENTAL PROCESSES
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humanistic psychology
* “hippie psychology“
* historically significant perspective of psychology that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
* are they receiving the emotional support and love they need?
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cognitive neuroscience
the study of how brain activity is linked with thought processes such as memory and perception
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psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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nature-nurture
controversy over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development and psychological traits and behaviors

* basically genes v.s. experience
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natural selection
* darwin
* the principle that those traits of a species that contribute to reproduction and survival are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations
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levels of analysis
analyze behavior and mental processes from differing complementary views
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biopsychosocial approach
an integrated perspective that focuses on biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis for a given behavior or mental process
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behavioral perspective
* focuses on principles of learning in the scientific study of observable behavior
* which stimuli trigger angry responses
* skinner, watson, raynor
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biological perspective
* genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
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cognitive perspective
* encode, process, store, and retrieve information
* how an individual interprets something
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evolutionary perspective
* principles of natural selection to study thinking and behavior
* darwin
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psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective
* how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
* events of the past
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sociocultural perspective
* how situations and culture influence thinking and behavior
* how groups influence you
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humanistic
how we meet out needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
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psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
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basic research
pure science that aims to increase psychology’s scientific **knowledge base** than to solve practical problems
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developmental psychology
physical, cognitive, and social change over the **life span**
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educational psychology
how psychological processes affect teaching and learning
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personality psychology
the study of a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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social psychology
how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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applied research
scientific study that aims to **solve practical problems**
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industrial/organizational psychology
applies psychological concepts to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
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human factors psychology
the study of how **humans** and **machines** interact
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counseling psychology
helps people cope with challenges in their daily lives
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clinical psychology
branch of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological disorders
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psychiatry
branch of **medicine** concerned with the physical diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
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community psychology
branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions impact individuals and groups
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wilhelm wundt
* 1st psych lab in germany
* reaction time experiment
* wanted to understand mental processes (not behavior)
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g. stanley hall
first u.s. psych lab at john hopkins
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william james
* first textbook of psychology
* thinking developed because it was adaptive
* functionalism
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mary whiton calkine
* denied her degree
* first female president of the APA
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margaret floy washburn
* first phd for women in psychology
* second president of the APA
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sigmund freud
* emotional responses to childhood experiences
* unconscious thought processes
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john b. watson and b.f. skinner
* rejected introspection
* redefined psychology as the “scientific study of observable behavior“
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carl rogers and abraham maslow
* humanistic psychologists
* found both freudian psychology and behaviorism too limiting
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ivan pavlov
pioneered the study of learning
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jean piaget
most influential observer of children
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charles darwin
* natural selection


* functionalism
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aristotle
argued that all knowledge comes from experiences stored in memories
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descartes
thought “animal spirits“ flowed through the muscles and reclaimed memories from past experiences
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john locke
* “tabula rasa“ (blank slate)
* empiricism
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dorothea dix
* mental asylums
* mental illness advocate
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plato
student of socrates
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edward b. titchener
* structuralism
* introspection
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philosophy
the study of seeking knowledge and wisdom in understanding the nature of the universe through self-examination and experiences
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physiology
how psychological processes affect the human body
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innate
traits that are inborn rather than acquired or learned
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gestalt
grouping things together in a way that makes sense to an individual
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behavior genetics
the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors