empiricism
knowledge comes from experience
science should rely on observation and experimentation
structuralism
edward titchener
early school of psychology that used self-reflection (introspection) to examine the structural elements of the human mind
introspection
elements of experience (sensations, images, feelings)
functionalism
william james
early school of psychology that emphasized how behavior and mental processes enabble the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
experimental psychology
the study of thinking and behavior using the experimental method
behaviorism
the view that psychology should only focus on the scientific study of observable behaviors
NO MENTAL PROCESSES
humanistic psychology
“hippie psychology“
historically significant perspective of psychology that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
are they receiving the emotional support and love they need?
cognitive neuroscience
the study of how brain activity is linked with thought processes such as memory and perception
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
nature-nurture
controversy over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development and psychological traits and behaviors
basically genes v.s. experience
natural selection
darwin
the principle that those traits of a species that contribute to reproduction and survival are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations
levels of analysis
analyze behavior and mental processes from differing complementary views
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated perspective that focuses on biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis for a given behavior or mental process
behavioral perspective
focuses on principles of learning in the scientific study of observable behavior
which stimuli trigger angry responses
skinner, watson, raynor
biological perspective
genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
cognitive perspective
encode, process, store, and retrieve information
how an individual interprets something
evolutionary perspective
principles of natural selection to study thinking and behavior
darwin
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
events of the past
sociocultural perspective
how situations and culture influence thinking and behavior
how groups influence you
humanistic
how we meet out needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
basic research
pure science that aims to increase psychology’s scientific knowledge base than to solve practical problems
developmental psychology
physical, cognitive, and social change over the life span
educational psychology
how psychological processes affect teaching and learning
personality psychology
the study of a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
social psychology
how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
industrial/organizational psychology
applies psychological concepts to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
human factors psychology
the study of how humans and machines interact
counseling psychology
helps people cope with challenges in their daily lives
clinical psychology
branch of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological disorders
psychiatry
branch of medicine concerned with the physical diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
community psychology
branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions impact individuals and groups
wilhelm wundt
1st psych lab in germany
reaction time experiment
wanted to understand mental processes (not behavior)
g. stanley hall
first u.s. psych lab at john hopkins
william james
first textbook of psychology
thinking developed because it was adaptive
functionalism
mary whiton calkine
denied her degree
first female president of the APA
margaret floy washburn
first phd for women in psychology
second president of the APA
sigmund freud
emotional responses to childhood experiences
unconscious thought processes
john b. watson and b.f. skinner
rejected introspection
redefined psychology as the “scientific study of observable behavior“
carl rogers and abraham maslow
humanistic psychologists
found both freudian psychology and behaviorism too limiting
ivan pavlov
pioneered the study of learning
jean piaget
most influential observer of children
charles darwin
natural selection
functionalism
aristotle
argued that all knowledge comes from experiences stored in memories
descartes
thought “animal spirits“ flowed through the muscles and reclaimed memories from past experiences
john locke
“tabula rasa“ (blank slate)
empiricism
dorothea dix
mental asylums
mental illness advocate
plato
student of socrates
edward b. titchener
structuralism
introspection
philosophy
the study of seeking knowledge and wisdom in understanding the nature of the universe through self-examination and experiences
physiology
how psychological processes affect the human body
innate
traits that are inborn rather than acquired or learned
gestalt
grouping things together in a way that makes sense to an individual
behavior genetics
the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors