intro to psych - chapter 10

Gene

short segment of DNA

How many pairs chromosomes do we have and the total?

23 pairs and in total 46

Harlow raised monkeys with two types of artificial mothers and found that when frightened by a strange-looking toy placed inside their cage, infant monkeys went to the artificial mother that

was made of cloth

One-year-old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him, yet resists her attempts to comfort him and rages at her when she returns. Tommy probably has __________ with his mother.

anxious attachment

Where genes come from

½ mom and ½ dad

Gamete

A sperm or egg that carry carries code

Typically infants with ____ attachments exhibit little, if any, distress when their mothers leave the room.

avoidant

First stage of development

trust versus mistrust

Charlie tries kicking a football, but keeps missing’s his kicks. If he keeps on "not succeeding" in things like this, you can predict he will most likely develop the basic characteristic of _______

inferiority

Lily is 85 years old and she has recently begun writing her life story. As she thinks back over all that she has done, she comes to the conclusion that her life has had no real meaning or purpose. Based on Erikson's theory, Lily may

despair and bitterness

the correct order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Piaget described four stages of cognitive development. When we talk about those children who lack object permanence, in which of Piaget's stages might we be correct with the old expression "Out of sight is out of mind?"

sensorimotor

children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the

formal operational stage

conservation

logical thinking ability of understanding that certain quantity will stay the same despite adjustment of shape or size

object permanence

a child ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard

If Lawrence Kohlberg were to present you with a moral dilemma, in which of the following would he be most interested?

he’s most interested in your reasoning for whatever moral judgment you had.

conventional moral reasoning

Internalizing the rules and expectations

teratogens

harmful outside sources that get in others bodies and can results in complications in the baby

Formal operational stage

logical thinking, abstractions

immaturity of prefrontal cortex

Why adolescents engage in risky behaviors

False statement about identity and adolescence

Search for identity rarely extends past adolescence into young adulthood

False statement about emerging adults

Being overwhelmed with many duties that they don’t have time to explore new options

False statement about aging

Dementia and senility are part of the normal aging process that everyone will experience.

how many times to taste foods

7-15 tries

Germinal (week 1 through 2)

Cell divisons, blastocyst (cell mass)

Embryo (week 3 through 8)

becomes recognizable human

Fetal (week 9 through birth)

Movement, organ function, weight gain

Vision

Legally blind

Attachment

an emotional bond, at birth babies connect with anyone

Separation anxiety

emotional distress when separated from primary caregiver

Avoidant attachment

little separation protest and a tendency of the child to avoid the caregiver

Anxious attachment

Strongly resist caregiver, particularly after a separation

psychosocial crisis

positive or negative crisis

stage 1: Trust versus mistrust

Is there a caregiver there for the child and supportive?

Stage 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Can they do things for their self or reply on others?

stage 3: initiative versus guilt

Am I good or am I bad?

stage 4: industry versus inferiority

Am I successful or am I worthless?

stage 4: indentity versus role confusion

Who am I and where am I going

Moratorium

Exploring, but not commited to identity

Identity achievement

Made commitment and explored their identity

Identity foreclosure

Made commitment, but exploration is absent

Identity diffusion

Commitment absent and exploration absent

Stage 6: intimacy versus isolation

Shall I share my life with another or live alone?

Stage 7: Generativity versus self-absorption

will I produce something of real value?

Stage 8: intergrity versus despair

HAve I lived a full life

Stage 1: sensorimotor period

motor skills, see hear taste, reach grasp. hold

Stage 2: preoperational stage

focus is on lacking thinking abilities

centration

focus on just one feature of a problem

irreversibility

inability to mentally undo an action

Stage 3: concrete operational stage

children can now conserve

De centration

Does not focus on just one feature

reversibility

can mentally undo an action

Stage 4:formal operational period

logical and systematic thinking

Stage 1 and 2: preconventional level

Punishment avoidant and right & wrong depends on what is rewarded

Stage 3 and 4: Conventional level

Being moral is to win approval of friends & relatives to be seen as a “good boy/girl” and understanding that rules are necessary for social order.

Stage 5 and 6: postconventional level

conform to internal principles to avoid self-condemnation and laws are good for social order but deep down laws reflect the will of the majority and are not absolute rules that must be followed.

adolescence

transition from childhood to adulthood

puberty

start of sexual maturity and rapid growth

During adolescence

better conductivity and pruning unused neurons are eliminated

Brain development

Limbic system matures first: fear, emotional impulse Prefrontal cortex matures later: allows for planning ahead, emotional regulation

emerging adulthood

age 18-25 between adolescent and adult