AP PSYCH EXAM

Good luck everyone!

Define psychology:

The scientific study of human behavior

How does the nature view of behavior from the nurture view?

Nature believes that we are born with traits while nurture believes that traits develop through experience.

Nature is to _____________, while Nurture is to __________.

Plato, Aristotle

Nature traits are ____________, while nurture traits are ________.

biological, environmental

Did Plato support the nature or nurture argument? Aristotle?

Plato supported nature while Aristotle supported nurture.

How are psychologists and psychiatrists different?

Psychologists are academic doctors and CANT prescribe medicine while Psychiatrists needs a masters degree and CAN prescribe medication.

Which type of doctor can prescribe medication?

psychiatrists

What is the difference between clinical and counseling psychologist?

CLINICAL psychologist asses, diagnose, and treat individuals experiencing psychological distress and mental illnesses while COUNSELING provides therapy to people experiencing psychological disturbances.

What is the primary role of a consumer psychologist?

They are basically marketers that studies consumer's behaviors to promote businesses.

What is the primary role of a human factors psychologist?

They studies how humans interact with machines to improve technology.

What is the primary role of an industrial-organizational psychologist?

I/O psychologists studies workplace's behavior and increase worker productivity.

What is the primary role of a forensic psychologist?

They focus on relationship between psychology and law.

What are the 7 approaches/perspectives to psychology?

Biological, evolutionary, psychoanalytical, behavioral, humanist, cognitive, social0cultural, and biopsychosocial

Define eclectic:

Who is the father of psychology?

Wundt

Who is the father of American psychology?

William James

Who is the father of the psychoanalytical approach?

Freud

Who is the father of humanism?

Maslow and Rogers

What was Charles Darwin's contribution to psychology?

Charles Darwin came up with the evolutionary perspective where we behave the way we do because we inherited it. Adaptation then survival.

In what year was the 1st psychology lab opened? In what country?

1879 in Leipzig Germany

Define introspection:

What was Titchener's relationship to Wundt?

Titchener was a FOLLOWER of Wundt and brough structuralism to the US.

Why are Margaret Floy Washburn and Mary Whiton Calkins important figures in the study of psychology?

Margaret was the first women to get a PhD in Psych and Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female president of the APA.

Who was the first President of the APA and opened the first psych lab in the U.S.?

G. Stanley Hall

Explain how dualism differs from monism-

How does structuralism differ from functionalism?

Structuralism is the idea of how mind operates by emotions and objective sensations combined while functionalism is how those functions in our life.

Structuralism is to _________, while functionalism is to ___________.

Wundt, James

Which approach/perspective to psychology says that behavior is guided by unconscious forces?

Psychoanalytic Perspective

What is the word for mental processes?

Which approach/perspective supports man's free will?

Humanistic

Which approach/perspective says our behaviors is shaped by consequences?

Behavioral

Which approach/perspective says our behavior is shaped by our physiology?

Biological

Which approach/perspective says our behavior is shaped by our culture and surroundings?

Social-Cultural

After hearing research findings, you say "I knew it all along". This demonstrates what bias?

Hindsight bias

After hearing about the Cowboys losing on Sunday (hooray), Monday morning your friend says "I could have told you what was going to happen." He is exhibiting __________.

hindsight bias

Which type of research has practical implications - applied or basic?

applied

Which research method is the quickest and looks for opinions?

Survey Method

How does social desirability affect reasearch?

Social desirability affects research since people are biased with their answers to blend in with others.

Which research method is the most commonly used in psychology and establishes cause and effect?

Experiment

Which research method is the most detailed?

Case study

What is the difference between cross sectional and a longitudinal studies?

Cross sectional is data collected from participants in different age groups while longitudinal data collected from a group over a number of years.

Which research method does not allow contamination between the researcher and the subjects?

Naturalistic

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Random sampling is getting participants while random assignment is putting them into groups.

If i want a sample that represents the population based on a certain criteria what type of sampling would I use?

Stratified Sampling

In an experiment into what 2 groups are participants/subjects divided?

Control and Experimental

What happens to the participants in a control group?

receives NO "treatment" during experiment

What happens to the participants in an experimental group?

receives "treatment" during experiment

Is experimenter bias conscious or unconscious?

unconscious

What is a single blind experiment?

Single blind is when the participants don't know of the group they are in while the researcher does

What is a Double Blind experiment?

When both the participants and researchers don't know what group the participants are in.

Define placebo:

Placebo is a fake drug that has no known effects.

What is the placebo effect?

When a treatment appears to have an effect but it actually has no like therapeutic benefits.

What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable?

The independent variable receives treatment during experiment while dependent receives not treatment during experiment.

Which group is the independent variable?

Experimental

Which group is the dependent variable?

Control

What type of variable is represented by any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the outcome (dependent variable)?

Confounding variables

What are 2 types of confounding variables?

Participants-relevant and situational-relevant

What is the term for using participants as their own control group?

Counterbalancing

Explain the Hawthorne Effect?

When participants behaviors changes as a result of being observed.

How do frequency polygons, histograms, and bar graphs differ?

Frequency polygons are line graphs, histograms are connected bar graphs, and bar graphs are disconnected.

Explain positive correlation:

Positive correlations is when both the x and y goes up or down

Explain negative correlation:

When either of them goes down while the other goes up.

What are scatterplots?

Illustrates the strength and direction of correlations through dots.

What is the name of the line drawn on a scatterplot that minimizes the distance of all points from the line?

Line of best fit/regression

What is the range of correlation coefficients?

-1 to +1

What does the range of correlation describe?

The strength of relationship, closer to -1 to +1 , the stronger the relationship

How do inferential and descriptive statistics differ?

Inferential interprets a data and draws conclusion while descriptive statistics summarizes a set of data.

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

mean, median, and mode

In a normal bell curve, what are the mean, median, and mode?

They are all equal.

Which measure of central tendency is most affected by outliers?

mean

When a distribution is skewed because of a low score, is it positively or negatively skewed? A high score?

Low score would have a negative skewed while a high score would have a positive skew.

What do measure of variability attempt to depict?

The spread of scores

How do you calculate the range in a set of scores?

Differences between the highest and the lowest.

Define standard deviation:

The average difference between individual scores and the mean

What is the standard deviation's relationship to the variance?

Square root the variance to find the standard deviation.

In a normal bell curve, what percentage of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean? 2 SDs? 3 SDs?

What does percentile show you?

The distance of a score from 0.

What does a z score represent?

Tells you how many standard deviations you are from the mean -- how far from the mean a data point is.

If my SAT scores are in the 98th percentile is that good? Why?

Yes because you are 98% from 0.

What is the purpose of a p value?

It indicates statistical significance.

The smaller the p value the more significant or the less significant the results?

The lower it is, the more significant.

What is the numerical cutoff (p value) for statistically significant results?

0.05

What is the purpose of an IRB?

Institutional Review Board approves of psychological researches and ensures if ethical guidelines are followed.

What is the difference and reliability and validity?

Reliability is consistency of results while validity is accuracy of results.

What are 5 ethical considerations that experimenters should follow according to the APA?

No coercion, informed consent, confidentiality, control risks (long and short term), debrief.

What does coercion mean?

being forced

What does anonymity of confidentiality mean?

keeping your personal information private.

What was unethical about Milgram's obedience study?

Lack of debriefing and caused long term risks.

What was unethical about Watson's little Albert's study?

Long term control risk and no proper debriefing

What was unethical about Zimbardo's prison study?

Lack of fully informed consent, lacked debriefing, control risks, unsafe.

What are the 2 parts of the central Nervous system?

Spinal cord and Brain

What are the 2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous systems

Somatic nervous system is to ____________, while Autonomic nervous system is to __________.

voluntary, involuntary

What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Sympathetic Nervous and Parasympathetic Nervous System

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Sympathetic is emergency and stress while parasympathetic is when returning to normalcy.

What is the word for a nerve cell?

Neurons

What do neural networks do?

What is the difference between sensory and motor neurons?

Sensory carries messages TO the brain while motor carries messages FROM the brain.

Sensory is to ___________, while motor is to __________.

afferent, efferent

In a reflex what order do the different types of neurons fire?