Gov 3/13

First Amendment

Protects freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Fifth Amendment

Protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy; guarantees due process.

Sixth Amendment

Guarantees the right to a fair trial, legal counsel, and an impartial jury.

Fourteenth Amendment

Grants citizenship and equal protection under the law.

Majority Opinion

The official ruling of a court case, representing the view of most justices.

Dissenting Opinion

A statement written by justices who disagree with the majority.

Due Process

Legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights of a person.

Exclusionary Rule

Prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court.

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Flag burning is protected speech under the First Amendment.

Schenck v. US (1919)

Speech creating a 'clear and present danger' is not protected.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

School-led prayer is unconstitutional.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students have free speech rights in schools.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

Schools can censor student newspapers.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court.

New Jersey v. TLO (1984)

Schools can search students with reasonable suspicion.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Declared that enslaved people were not citizens.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Required police to inform suspects of their rights.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed a right to a lawyer for defendants who cannot afford one.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Upheld segregation ('separate but equal').

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overturned Plessy; ruled segregation unconstitutional in schools.