Cyber World and Security Concern - Unit 1 Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Cyberspace, Internet History, Infrastructure, Governance, Web Technology, and Cybersecurity Principles from Unit 1.

What is the linguistic origin of the word "Internet"?

It is derived from the word "internetwork," which refers to connecting together two or more computer networks.

What date is considered the official birthday of the Internet, and why?

January 1, 1983, because ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially adopted TCP/IP as their standard communication protocol.

Which four university nodes were connected in the original 1969 ARPANET network?

UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, and University of Utah.

Who developed the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the 1970s?

Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn.

What protocol did TCP/IP replace on ARPANET during 'Flag Day' on January 1, 1983?

Network Control Protocol (NCP).

Who invented the World Wide Web (WWW) at CERN in 1989?

Tim Berners-Lee.

What three core technical components were introduced with the invention of the World Wide Web in 1989?

HTTP, URL, and HTML.

What was NCSA Mosaic, released in 1993, and why was it significant?

It was the first widely popular graphical web browser, allowing ordinary users to display images alongside text and navigate the web easily.

What are Submarine Cables, and what role do they play in Internet infrastructure?

They are fiber-optic lines laid on the ocean floor that facilitate high-speed data communication between continents as the backbone of global internet connectivity.

What is the primary function of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)?

They are hubs where multiple ISPs and networks converge to exchange data, reducing latency and enhancing resilience by optimizing routing.

According to the lecture, which country houses the highest number of IEPs/IXPs globally?

The United States, which houses 75 IEPs (more than double any other country).

What is the primary purpose of a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?

To reduce latency and improve performance by caching data on distributed server networks closer to end-users.

What is the primary role of the Domain Name System (DNS)?

To translate human-readable domain names (such as example.com) into numerical IP addresses.

What key security enhancement differentiates HTTPS from standard HTTP?

HTTPS uses SSL/TLS encryption to secure data transmission between web browsers and servers, ensuring confidentiality and integrity.

When was the Internet Society (ISOC) established, and what is its primary mission?

Established in 1992, ISOC is a professional membership organization that promotes the open development, evolution, and worldwide use of the Internet.

What is the function of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)?

It is a volunteer-driven body under ISOC that develops and publishes technical standards called Request for Comments (RFCs), covering protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, and TLS.

What are the respective responsibilities of the IAB and the IESG within ISOC?

The IAB (Internet Architecture Board) provides overall architectural oversight and standards arbitration, while the IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) reviews and approves IETF standards drafts.

What are four major practical problems in extending traditional legal frameworks to cyberspace?

Multiple Jurisdictions, Problem of Policing, Expensive Process (training law enforcement), and Obtaining Digital Evidence.

What principles constitute the CIA triad in cybersecurity?

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability.

How is data integrity maintained and verified in cybersecurity?

By detecting and preventing unauthorized modification or tampering using techniques such as checksums and digital signatures.

How does an SQL Injection (SQLi) attack function?

An attacker inputs malicious SQL queries (such as entering 'alice' OR '1'='1') into web form fields to manipulate database queries and gain unauthorized access to data.

How does Session Hijacking occur, and what measures mitigate it?

An attacker steals session tokens or cookies to impersonate a victim and access user data; mitigations include using HTTPS and Web Application Firewalls (WAFs).

What is Phishing?

A web-based attack where an attacker masquerades as a trustworthy entity in electronic communication to steal sensitive information such as login credentials and credit card numbers.

How does a Denial of Service (DoS) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack operate?

It makes a server or network resource unavailable by flooding the target with traffic or sending data that triggers a crash, often using infected computers (zombies/botnets) directed by a controller.

How do computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses differ in behavior?

A virus attaches copies of itself to existing computer files; a worm self-replicates and spreads across networks independently without needing a host file; a Trojan horse misleads users by appearing as a normal application while executing malicious code in the background.

According to the lecture, what is the main distinction between a Cyber Threat and a Cyber Attack?

A threat is a condition or circumstance that can cause damage (may or may not be malicious), whereas an attack is an intended, deliberate action with a malicious motive to cause damage.

Who coined the term "Cyberspace" and in what year?

William Gibson in 1984.

What are the three layers of Cyberspace?

The Physical Layer (tangible hardware like cables, servers, routers), the Logical Layer (software, protocols like TCP/IP, operating systems), and the Persona Layer (the human element and online identities).

What does Moore's Law state?

It predicts that the processing power of computers doubles approximately every two years.

What is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and when was it founded?

Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, W3C is the main international standards organization that develops open protocols and standards (such as HTML and CSS) to ensure web interoperability.