Studied by 4 people
Includes: Terms of relative position, Cavities, and main systems
Superior
Towards the head
Inferior
Away from the head
Anterior/Ventral
Towards the front
Posterior/Dorsal
Towards the back
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment on the body (Limbs)
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment on the body (Limbs)
Superficial
Towards the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Anatomical Position
Position: Body standing upright, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Anatomy
Structures (morphology)
Form
Arrangement - Where things are and what they look like
Physiology
“Physics of biology”
Functions - What they do and how they do it
Form follows function
Structure is always related to function
Axial
Head, Neck, Trunk, Vertebral Column
Appendicular
Upper and lower limbs + the pectoral and pelvic girdles they attach to.
Dorsal Cavity
Made up of the
Cranial Cavity - Houses Cranium
Vetebral Canal - Spinal Cavity, Houses Spine
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Cavity
Digestive system
Main Components: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
Main Functions: Food processing (Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
Circulatory/cardio-vascular system
Main Components: Heart, blood vessels, blood
Main Functions: Internal distribution of materials (movement of o2, co2, and nutrients)
Respiratory system
Main Components: Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
Main Functions: Gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)
Immune and lymphatic system
Main Components: Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
Main Functions: Body defense (fighting infections and cancer)
Excretory (Urinary) system
Main Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Main Functions: Disposal of metabolic (nitrogen containing) wastes; regulation of osmotic (water) balance of blood
Endocrine system
Main Components: Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands
Main Functions: Coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)
Reproductive system
Main Components: Ovaries or testes, and associated organs
Main Functions: Reproduction (offspring)
Nervous system
Main Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
Main Functions: Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them
Integumentary system
Main Components: Skin and its derivatives (such as hair, claws, skin glands)
Main Functions: Protection against mechanical injury, infection, drying out; thermoregulation
Skeletal system
Main Components: Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
Main Functions: Body support, protection of internal organs, movement
Muscular system
Main Components: Skeletal Muscles
Main Functions: Locomotion and other movement
Homeostasis
The active process of keeping a stable internal environment for enzymes to function at their best.
Negative Feedback Mechanism
The effector eliminates or opposes the stimulus. This is an automatic response to correct a variation from the proper range.
