CPR and FIRST AID

List the 6 links in the Adult Chain of Survival (Out-of-Hospital).

1. Recognize emergency & activate EMS2. Early CPR with emphasis on compressions3. Rapid defibrillation (AED)4. Advanced resuscitation (EMS arrival)5. Post–cardiac arrest care6. Recovery

What are the key components of High-Quality CPR?

1. Rate: 100-120/min2. Depth: Adult: 2-2.4 in; Child: 2 in; Infant: 1.5 in3. Full chest recoil4. Minimize interruptions (<10 sec)5. Avoid excessive ventilation

What is the 1-rescuer compression-to-ventilation ratio for an Adult during CPR?

30:2

What is the 1-rescuer compression-to-ventilation ratio for a Child during CPR?

30:2

What is the 1-rescuer compression-to-ventilation ratio for an Infant during CPR?

30:2

What is the 2-rescuers compression-to-ventilation ratio for an Adult during CPR?

30:2

What is the 2-rescuers compression-to-ventilation ratio for a Child during CPR?

15:2

What is the 2-rescuers compression-to-ventilation ratio for an Infant during CPR?

15:2

Where do you check for a pulse in an Adult or Child?

Carotid or femoral artery

Where do you check for a pulse in an Infant?

Brachial artery

When should you start CPR?

1. No breathing or only gasping2. Pulse not felt in \le 10 seconds

List the key steps for using an AED.

1. Turn AED on2. Attach pads3. Allow analysis4. Clear before shock5. Shock if advised6. Resume CPR immediately

Where are AED pads typically placed on an Adult or Child?

Upper right / lower left chest

How may AED pad placement differ for an Infant?

May need front & back placement

How does CPR change when an advanced airway is in place (e.g., ET tube, supraglottic airway)?

1. No longer pause for breaths2. Continuous compressions at 100-120/min3. Breaths: 1 breath every 6 seconds (10/min)

When performing rescue breathing for an Adult with a pulse but not breathing, what is the ventilation rate?

1 breath every 5-6 seconds

When performing rescue breathing for a Child/Infant with a pulse but not breathing, what is the ventilation rate?

1 breath every 3-5 seconds

What is the proper technique for each rescue breath?

Each breath over 1 second, with visible chest rise

What are important considerations for Bag-Mask Ventilation (BVM)?

1. 2 rescuers preferred2. Avoid excessive breaths3. Good seal = “E-C clamp” technique

How do you perform choking relief for a responsive Adult or Child?

Abdominal thrusts (Heimlich); continue until object is out, victim collapses, or can breathe.

How do you perform choking relief for a responsive Infant?

5 back slaps, then 5 chest thrusts.

What should you do if an unresponsive victim is choking?

Start CPR; look for object when opening airway; remove only if visible.

What are the first steps for ensuring scene safety in a first aid emergency?

Look for dangers; use PPE (gloves, mask).

How do you check responsiveness in a first aid situation?

Tap and shout; obtain consent if victim is awake.

What is the primary action for calling for help in an emergency?

Use 911; get AED.

What are common signs of a heart attack, and what immediate actions should be taken?

Signs: Chest pressure, sweating, nausea. Actions: Call 911, keep calm, use AED if needed.

What does the FAST acronym stand for in identifying a stroke, and what is the primary action?

F: Face droop; A: Arm weakness; S: Speech difficulty; T: Time to call 911

What are signs of breathing problems, and what first aid actions can be taken?

Signs: Wheezing, trouble speaking. Actions: Sit upright; (in real life: inhaler if available – HOSA: know concept).

What are signs of a diabetic emergency, and how should you respond if the person is awake and can swallow?

Signs: Confusion, shaky, sweaty. Actions (if awake & able to swallow): Provide a sugar source (juice, glucose gel).

How do you control severe bleeding?

Direct pressure; add more gauze if soaked; tourniquet if trained and severe.

What are the signs of shock, and what first aid actions should be taken?

Signs: Pale, cold, weak, confused. Actions: Lie flat, keep warm, call 911.

What are the key first aid actions for broken bones or sprains?

Don’t straighten; immobilize; apply ice (wrapped).

What is the critical first aid principle for a suspected head or neck injury?

Don’t move head/neck; stabilize.

What are the first aid steps for heat exhaustion?

Move to cool place; provide water; cool with wet cloths.

What are signs of heat stroke, and what immediate actions are necessary?

Signs: High temp, confusion. Actions: Call 911; rapid cooling.

How do you provide first aid for hypothermia?

Warm slowly; remove wet clothing; handle gently.

What is the primary action for suspected poisoning, and what should be avoided?

Call poison control; Do NOT make person vomit.