JSU- MGT 305 - OB - Chapter 14

Culture

person-environment fit (P-E)

the compatibility between an individual and their work environment that occurs when their characteristics are well matched

person-organization fir (P-O)

reflects the extent to which your personality and values match the climate and culture in an organization

organizational culture

the set of shared, taken for granted, implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments.

Four characteristics of organizational culture

Shared concept, learned over time, influences our behavior at work, impacts outcomes at multiple levels

The 5 elements that drive organizational culture

1- Founders Values; 2- Industry and Business Environment; 3- The national culture; 4- the organizations vision and strategies; 5- the behavior of the leaders

Influences the organizational structure and internal processes

The organizational structure does what for a company?

The group and social processes

What affects the work attitudes and behaviors in a company?

Organizational structure and internal processes

What affects a companies group and social processes?

observable artifacts

the physical manifestations of an organizations culture

Observable artifacts, espoused versus enacted values, and basic underlying assumptions

What are the three levels of organizational structure?

espoused values

explicitly stated values and norms that are preferred by an organization

enacted values

values and norms that are actually exhibited or converted into an employees behaviors.

basic underlying assumptions

organizational values that have become taken for granted overtime that guide behavior; very resistant the change

artifacts

the awards that are given out, the stories that people tell about an organization, rituals, ceremonies, designated parking spots; the things that you can see

espoused values

generally established but the founder or top managers of an organization

sustainability

companies ability to make a profit without sacrificing resources

Four functions of organizational culture

Establish organizational identity
Act as sense making device
Encourage collective commitment
Ensure social system stability

Social system stability (encourage)

reflects the extent to which the work environment is perceived as positive

Act as sense making device

Helping employees make sense of their surroundings and understand why the organization does what it does - explaining things

Competing values framework

provides practical way of framework for managers to understand, measure, and change organizational culture

Types of organizational structure

Clan (collaborate), Adhocracy (Create), Hierarchy (Control), and Market (Compete)

Clan (collaborate)

Internal structure, family type culture, devote many resources to hiring, collaborate, trust are all characteristics of which type of organizational structure

Adhocracy (Create)

Creation of new products and services, adaptive culture, creative, fast to respond to the market, external focus and flexibility valued, think outside the box are all characteristics of what type of organizational structure

Hierarchy (Control)

internally focused, formalized and structured work environment, stability and control valued over flexibility, efficiency, timeliness are all characteristics of what type of organizational structure

Market (Compete)

strong external focus and stability, control valued, driven by competition, driven by strong desire to deliver results and accomplish goals are all characteristics of what type of organizational control

HIerarchy (Control)

Which type of organizational structure is assessed with measurements like efficiency, timeliness, and readability?

Culture

______ type represents competing values

Results

a made analysis that measures the strength of the relationship between nine different organizational outcomes and then compare that to the four different culture types

culture; effectiveness

Organizational ________ is related to measure of organizational ________.

Clan

Employees are more satisfied and committed to organizations with _______ culture.

clan, adhocracy, market

Innovation and quality can be increased by building characteristics associated with _____, ______, and _______ cultures.

Financial

_______ performance is NOT strongly related to organizational culture.

Market

Companies with _______ cultures tend to have more positive organizational outcomes.

Subcultures

Distinctive clusters of ideologies

Subcultures and how they form

Functional operational groups, geographical groups, occupational groups, work roles, divisions, departments, products, markets, levels of management are all characteristics of what?

Subcultures

_______ lead employees to focus on different values, especially if you have many of them within an organization.

Leaders

_______ are the architects/developers or organizational change.

artifacts, espoused values, basic underlying assumptions

What are the one of three levels of organizational structure that managers must target to start with changing the culture?

vision

the long term goal that describes what the organization wants to become

strategic plan

outlines a long term goal and the actions that it must take to achieve the long term goal

a structured plan

What must you use when implementing culture change?

formal statements, design of physical space

What are two mechanisms for creating culture change?

formal statements

Organizational philosophy, mission, vision, values, materials used for recruiting all describe what?

design of physical space; one of twelve mechanisms for creating culture change

physical spacing among people in the office describes what?

Explicit rewards, status symbols

Which type of mechanism is one of the strongest ways to embed culture?

stories, legends, or myths

Which type of mechanism of changing culture is a powerful way to send messages about values that are desired?

role modeling, training, coaching

Structured training is a characteristic of which mechanism for changing culture?

organizational activities and processes

Which mechanism of culture change do you need to focus on to ensure that employees are paying attention to the things they can control?

leader reactions to critical incidents

When people learn and pay attention to emotions of leaders and seeing that positive emotions spread are characteristics of which mechanism for culture change?

rites and rituals

planned and unplanned ceremonies is characteristics of which mechanism of culture change

workflow and organizational structure

Empowering employees and increasing employee involvement is a characteristic of which mechanism of culture change?

organizational socialization

the process by which a person learns the values, norms, and required behaviors which permit them to participate as a member of an organization

organizational socialization

Anticipatory socialization, encounter, change and acquisition are steps in the three phase model to _________ process.

Anticipatory socialization

What is the first phase/phase one to the organizational process?

Anticipatory socialization

Occurs before an individual joins an organization. Explains what the individual already knows about the organization that comes from the internet, current employees, and social media

realistic job previews

The phase where you mitigate unrealistic expectations that influences higher job performance and lower turnover

encounter

Employee comes to learn what the organization is really like in the _______ phase

Encounter

What is phase two of the organization socialization process?

Change and Acquisition

What is phase 3 of the organization socialization process?

change and acquisition

Employees master important tasks and roles and adjust to their groups norms and values in the _______ phase.

onboarding

Effective _______ programs result in increased retention, productivity, and rates and task completion for new hires.

Socialization

Many organizations use ________ tactics to reinforce a culture that promotes ethical behavior.

culture

Managers need to help new hires integrate with the _______ to overcome stress associated with a new environment.

socialization

Managers should pay attention to the __________ of diverse employees.

career related and psycho-social related

What are the general functions of mentoring?

career related

Sponsorship, coaching, exposure, protection and challenging assignments are all characteristics of _______ in the general mentoring process?

psycho-social related

Role modeling, acceptance and conformation, counseling and friendship are all characteristics of the ________ in the general mentoring process?

Mentoring

the process of forming and maintaining intensive and lasting developmental relationships between an variety of developers and a junior person

Mentoring

______ occurs over four phases.

Initiation, Cultivation, Separation, and redefinition

What are the four phases of mentoring?

Redefinition

Interacting as equls and peers

Seperation

The separation of the mentor and mentee

social capital

Productive potential resulting from relationships, goodwill, cooperation

culture

According to many CEOs, corporate __________ is the key to making a company one of the best.

• influences our behavior at work

• learned over time

• shared concept

• impacts outcomes at multiple levels

Select the important characteristics of organizational culture.

Artifacts

__________ are the physical manifestation of an organization’s culture. They include acronyms, manner of dress, awards, myths, and stories told about the organization

Sustainability

Which is not one of the four functions of organizational culture?

clan

Companies with an internal focus with a value on flexibility rather than stability and control are said to have a(n) _____ culture.

great company culture

What do many CEOs believe is the essence of the best companies?

• clan

• market

• adhocracy

One lesson from the competing values framework is that innovation and operational outcomes are linked to characteristics associated with which of the following cultures?

organizational culture.

The set of implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments is called

a failure to interpret and implement safety measures

What is a key risk of neglecting to integrate subcultures within high-risk industries?

• awards

• manner of dress

• special parking spaces

Observable artifacts that can be present in a firm's culture are:

creating and managing organizational culture.

According to Edgar Schein, the most important role of an organization's leader is

• sense-making device

• collective commitment

• social system stability

• organizational Identity

Select the four functions of organizational culture.

clan

Companies with a(n) ________ culture have an internal focus and value flexibility rather than stability and control.

• Systems and procedures

• Organizational goals

• Rites and rituals

• Work flow and organizational structure

Select the mechanisms for changing organizational culture.

market

The competing values framework teaches us that companies with a _________ culture tend to have more positive organizational outcomes.

• Divisions or departments

• Products and technologies

• Occupational groups

Which of the following often determine the development of subcultures?

Edgar Schein

Of the following, who is best known for their writing on organizational culture?

• mission

• values

• philosophy

Formal statements in an organization are those about organizational:

organizational

Organizational identity, collective commitment, social system stability and sense-making device are the four functions of ______ culture.

They reinforce characteristics of the desired culture.

Why are stories, legends and myths considered powerful ways to communicate desired values and behaviors in an organization?

• Formal Statements

• Role modeling, teaching, coaching

• Design of physical workspace

• Rewards, status symbols and promotions

Select the mechanisms for changing organizational culture.

pay attention and learn.

Research suggests that the emotions exhibited by leaders cause employees to

effectiveness

One of the conclusions of the competing values framework is that organizational culture is related to measures of organizational __________

a failure to interpret and implement safety measures

What is a key risk of neglecting to integrate subcultures within high-risk industries?

• Employees avoid certain "unlucky" foods in the break room.

• Salespersons ring a large gong when they make a deal.

• Employees enjoy a beer on-site at the office

Which of the following best represent rites and rituals?

True

True or false: Formal statements of organizational philosophy can embed culture when used for recruiting.

• stories about key people

• legends about important events

• myths about company history

Which forms of language help reinforce characteristics of a desired culture?