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All of the following statements about the Inca empire ca. 1525 C.E. are factual EXCEPT

A

expansion of the empire to the east was blocked by the highest ranges of the Andes and by the Amazonian tropical rain forest.

B

the empire at that time included most of modern Peru and Ecuador, sections of Bolivia, and northern portions of Chile and Argentina.

C

an extensive road network unified the Inca empire.

D

Spanish incursions had already occurred, plunging the empire into civil war and epidemic disease that caused Inca populations to plummet.

D

Spanish incursions had already occurred, plunging the empire into civil war and epidemic disease that caused Inca populations to plummet.

Which factor contributed to the appearance of the Aztec empire's territorial claims ca. 1520 C.E.?

A

Epidemic diseases had caused a population crash and many areas around the empire were so depopulated that they were not annexed into the empire.

B

States neighboring the expanding Aztec empire hired Inca mercenaries to help protect them from being made tributary states to the empire.

C

Maya peoples had concluded a series of alliances with powerful states in central Mexico that were constantly at war with the Aztec empire.

D

The Mexica people, along with people from Texcoco and Tlacopan, controlled a federation including various tributary states.

D

The Mexica people, along with people from Texcoco and Tlacopan, controlled a federation including various tributary states.

Historians often consider the period ca. 1428–1520 C.E. a turning point in the history of the Americas. Which of the following events that occurred during that period BEST supports that contention?

A

Polynesians introduced the sweet potato and pigs to South America, thus diversifying Inca food sources.

B

Mound-building peoples engaged in significant trade with both the Maya in the Yucatan and the Aztec empire.

C

The Inca empire collapsed after subject people rose against their rulers and convulsed the Inca state to civil war.

D

The Aztec empire expanded to dominate central Mexico from the Caribbean to the Pacific coast.

D

The Aztec empire expanded to dominate central Mexico from the Caribbean to the Pacific coast.

A historian examining the middle period of the Byzantine empire could BEST utilize information on the timeline to examine which of the following?

A

resurgence of Byzantine power in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries with the reoccupation of formerly Byzantine lands

B

intensiveness of Roman Catholic efforts to heal the Great Schism and return the Orthodox Church to a shared communion

C

challenges the Byzantines faced from Turkish invaders, Italian merchants, and western European adventurers

D

effectiveness of Byzantine naval forces in projecting state power in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins

C

challenges the Byzantines faced from Turkish invaders, Italian merchants, and western European adventurers

 According to the map, the rise of the Hanseatic League in the middle ages demonstrated 

A

efficiency and safety of exclusively using land trade routes to move goods.

B

decline in international networks of exchange and communications during this period.

C

power of these Protestant lands to supply goods and services to other markets.

D

evolution of northern European cities as strong participants in Eurasian networks of trade.

D

evolution of northern European cities as strong participants in Eurasian networks of trade.

An economic historian interested in researching the importance of Cahokia as a center of the mound-building peoples would most likely use which of the following resources?

A

oral histories compiled from native peoples about trade interactions with other groups

B

analysis of effects of geographic location on networks of communications and exchange

C

descriptions of excavations of mound-building peoples' settlements

D

logs of results of collection of flint tools found in creek banks in the Ozark Mountains

B

analysis of effects of geographic location on networks of communications and exchange

Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about Constantinople and other urban areas during this period?

A

Pressure from the Seljuk Turks forced the Ottomans to crack down on religious minorities such as the Jewish population of Constantinople.  

B

The Jewish population were often sold as slave labor.

C

Most inhabitants were prosperous.

D

The city had Jewish diasporic merchant communities.

D

The city had Jewish diasporic merchant communities.

All of the following contributed to the growth of Mahayana, or "greater vehicle," as a religion of salvation as it evolved out of the original Hinayana "lesser vehicle" Buddhism in the early centuries C.E. EXCEPT \\n

\
A \\n the development of the concept of bodhisattvas, Buddhist saint-types, who had reached spiritual perfection and could pass over into nirvana but instead stayed on earth to help others. \\n

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B \\n the purging of monks who believed they could accept aspects of both Buddhism and the old Vedic religions \\n

\
C \\n the decision by many leaders of Buddhist monasteries to begin to accept gifts from wealthy and poor alike, bequests seen as actions that were meritorious and helped one gain salvation. \\n

\
D \\n the new reverence to Buddha as a god, which allowed followers to more closely identify with the faith and focus devotions on his memory.

B

the purging of monks who believed they could accept aspects of both Buddhism and the old Vedic religions

Early Jainism and early Buddhism were similar in approaches to monasticism in all of the following ways EXCEPT which of these? \n A \n Both Buddhist and Jain monasteries offered an established, formal curriculum and educational institutions, unlike the earlier informal educational method of a sage and his followers following less established rules. \n B \n At some of the Buddhist and Jain monasteries, not only were sectarian beliefs studied, but Vedas, logic, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine were also explored. \n C \n Some of the monasteries became so famous that they attracted students and travelers from lands outside of India to study the Buddhist doctrine and practices. \n D \n Monastic institutions were exclusively inhabited by high caste individuals converted to either Jainism or Buddhism from Hinduism, Nestorian Christianity, or Islam and lower caste converts were excluded from monastic life.

D \n Monastic institutions were exclusively inhabited by high caste individuals converted to either Jainism or Buddhism from Hinduism, Nestorian Christianity, or Islam and lower caste converts were excluded from monastic life.

All of the following were important reasons for the fall of Mauryan and the Gupta empires EXCEPT \n A \n India had a tradition of governance being exercised by small, regional kingdoms rather than a tradition of large areas submitting to imperial authority. \n B \n repeated invasions by central Asian nomads, the White Huns, ended the imperial cohesion of the Mauryan and Gupta empires, who had previously shared control of the subcontinent. \n C \n the military of both empires became less and less effective in protecting against internal security threats. \n D \n expansion of bureaucracies necessary to effectively manage an empire proved too costly for either empire to maintain.

B \n repeated invasions by central Asian nomads, the White Huns, ended the imperial cohesion of the Mauryan and Gupta empires, who had previously shared control of the subcontinent.

All of the following contributed to the transition of Aryan migrants from pastoralism to agriculture ca. 1000 B.C.E. EXCEPT \n A \n development of iron metallurgy allowed for the migrant Aryans to forge iron axes and tools which were used to clear the Ganges River valley jungles and open new lands to farm. \n B \n mass conversion of migrant Aryans to Buddhism revealed agricultural practices that were taught at Buddhist monasteries and helped in the transition to farming. \n C \n recently cleared lands were farmed by shudras, semifree serfs controlled by Aryans; the newly cleared lands produced rich harvests and this in turn strengthened the evolving caste system. \n D \n agricultural surpluses paid for the bureaucracy and armies of the small states that were established in northern India, and also influenced the growth of towns and networks of exchange.

B \n mass conversion of migrant Aryans to Buddhism revealed agricultural practices that were taught at Buddhist monasteries and helped in the transition to farming.

The Kushan empire followed the pattern of interaction between sedentary civilizations and nomadic civilizations in which of the following ways? \n A \n It was dominated by other nomads and sought refuge in the sedentary civilizations. \n B \n It wanted to destroy sedentary civilizations such as India's in order to increase its pasturelands. \n C \n It dominated sedentary civilizations forcing all agriculturalists to become vassals to the Kushan clan leaders. \n D \n It conquered sedentary civilizations and eventually absorbed aspects of sedentary culture and spread it.

D \n It conquered sedentary civilizations and eventually absorbed aspects of sedentary culture and spread it.

A historian specializing in Indian studies would most likely use which of the following sources to examine the decline of the Mauryan empire? \n A \n trade records that described the types of Indian products from the Mauryan empire that were considered most valuable to merchants in the network of markets in central Asia, southeast Asia, and Persia \n B \n accounts of the cost of construction of a major road through the Ganges Valley from Pataliputra in the eastern region of the empire to Taxila, a major city in the western part of the Mauryan empire \n C \n administrative records explaining the costs of maintaining a standing army and a large bureaucracy, which led later Mauryan leaders to debase the currency—adding less valuable metals to coins without changing the value of the coinage in the markets \n D \n traveler reports of the comforts provided for merchants, artisans, administrators, and others who traveled the new road system by providing a system of inns for lodging, wells, and the planting of banyan trees to shade the road

C \n administrative records explaining the costs of maintaining a standing army and a large bureaucracy, which led later Mauryan leaders to debase the currency—adding less valuable metals to coins without changing the value of the coinage in the markets

Which of the following BEST characterizes a central element in the diversification of the Indian economy ca. 600 B.C.E.? \n A \n the invasion of India by the armies of Alexander of Macedon who brought a variety of new crops and domesticated animals to the subcontinent \n B \n Indo-Aryan settlement patterns fused with those of earlier inhabitants, resulting in a growth of many cities producing specialized goods to be exchanged along extensive trade networks \n C \n the efforts of Emperor Ashoka to support Buddhism, as many of the early adherents of that religion were merchants who visited foreign lands and built networks of exchange \n D \n expansion of the Kushan empire from central Asia into northern India, bringing large herds of horses that were fitted with specialized collars to maximize their use for farming

A \n the invasion of India by the armies of Alexander of Macedon who brought a variety of new crops and domesticated animals to the subcontinent

The Athenian leader Solon left a lasting impression on his city-state by \n A \n forging a compromise between aristocrats and commoners that gave both a voice in governing the poleis. \n B \n urging Athenians to go to war against Sparta, thus launching the Peloponnesian War. \n C \n creating a system of public education that ensured that Athens became the "education of Greece." \n D \n creating a system of military service that all members of society adopted.

A \n forging a compromise between aristocrats and commoners that gave both a voice in governing the poleis.

How did ancient Greece differ from classical societies in other lands? \n A \n Because of its mountainous terrain, Greece was more isolated than other classic societies. \n B \n The ancient Greeks integrated diverse societies through economic integration rather than through political control. \n C \n The Greeks were considered more fearless than men from other societies because they successfully fought so many wars. \n D \n The Mediterranean served as a barrier for the region, requiring supreme effort and courage to cross

B \n The ancient Greeks integrated diverse societies through economic integration rather than through political control.

A historian researching areas of Greek settlement or influence would be least likely to use which of the following resources? \n A \n catalogs of relics found on Greek shipwrecks in the Mediterranean and Black Seas dating from ca. 750 to 500 B.C.E. \n B \n descriptions of locations of Greek colonies in the British Isles and Scandinavia from ca. 750 to 500 B.C.E. \n \n C \n diplomatic accounts of relations between various Greek states and their colonial possessions from ca. 750 to 500 B.C.E. \n D \n trading house accounts describing the agricultural products, ores, fur, slaves, and manufactured goods exchanged along Greek networks of trade from ca. 750 to 500 B.C.E.

B \n descriptions of locations of Greek colonies in the British Isles and Scandinavia from ca. 750 to 500 B.C.E.

All of the following are associated with Spartan lifestyles prior to the early fourth century B.C.E. EXCEPT \n A \n Spartan boys at the age of seven left their families and lived under extremely rigorous training conditions in military barracks. \n B \n aristocratic Spartans shared a deep belief in democratic values with free citizens of the Athenian, Theban, and Corinthian poleis. \n C \n at age eighteen, Spartan women married and occasionally had sexual relations with their husbands, but they did not establish separate households from their families until their husbands reached the age of thirty. \n D \n Spartans considered military skills, willpower, and aptitude virtues, not wealth, social status, or heredity, as in some other contemporaneous cultures.

B \n aristocratic Spartans shared a deep belief in democratic values with free citizens of the Athenian, Theban, and Corinthian poleis.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of the Roman Republic ca.146 B.C.E. is correct? \n A \n Roman occupation of Egypt during this time period was the most important addition ever to the republic due to the agricultural production and vast wealth Egypt transferred into Roman hands. \n B \n The power of the Persian Seleucid empire based in Mesopotamia and Anatolia was broken, and it became a permanent tributary state to the Roman Republic. \n C \n The Roman Republic fought a series of wars against their great political and commercial rival, Carthage, which ended in the destruction of that city and annexation of its territories by Rome. \n D \n The conquest of Britain, Scotland, and Ireland marked the most western extension of the Roman empire.

C \n The Roman Republic fought a series of wars against their great political and commercial rival, Carthage, which ended in the destruction of that city and annexation of its territories by Rome.

The following all contributed to the reputation Romans had earned by ca. 117 C.E. as efficient managers of transportation networks EXCEPT \n A \n Rome controlled all of the coastland regions around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, and also held territory along the Red Sea, part of the Caspian Sea coast, and the Atlantic Ocean. \n B \n one important Roman road ran from the coast of the modern nation of Morocco to Alexandria in the modern nation of Egypt. \n C \n Roman roads crossed Mesopotamia, the modern nation of Iraq, stimulating extensive trade with Rome's ally, the Achaemenid empire, which controlled the modern nations of Iran and Pakistan. \n D \n Romans in this period referred to the Mediterranean Sea as mare nostrum—"our sea"—and used maritime transport to connect far-flung parts of the empire, complementing the road network.

C \n Roman roads crossed Mesopotamia, the modern nation of Iraq, stimulating extensive trade with Rome's ally, the Achaemenid empire, which controlled the modern nations of Iran and Pakistan.

All of the following apply to how amphitheaters were used in ancient Roman society EXCEPT \n A \n amphitheaters were often used for different forms of public entertainment, including gladiatorial contests between men or fights between wild animals and gladiators. \n B \n many amphitheaters were exclusively used for religious ceremonies and rituals and reserved for the use of Roman citizens. \n C \n some amphitheaters like the Roman Colosseum were constructed so the center could be filled with water for mock naval battles. \n D \n amphitheaters were built throughout the empire, and included design features like huge awnings to protect spectators from the elements; vendors sold food like they do in modern stadiums.

B \\n many amphitheaters were exclusively used for religious ceremonies and rituals and reserved for the use of Roman citizens.

All of the following helped intensify the migration of rural poor people to cities, especially Rome, during the 60s B.C.E. EXCEPT \n A \n as the Romans conquered new lands, elite groups set up large estates called latifundia whose economies of scale for agricultural production strained the ability of small farmers to compete. \n B \n small farmers often had to take out mortgages on their property to borrow operating costs to purchase seed and supplies to plant their crops. \n C \n the latifundia often used slave labor to produce agricultural products at prices lower than small farmers could meet, forcing some small farmers to sell their land and move to cities to find work. \n D \n Roman law protected property rights of rural freeholders and subsidized their agricultural production costs, with agricultural products they grew sold to the army as supplies for troops.

D \n Roman law protected property rights of rural freeholders and subsidized their agricultural production costs, with agricultural products they grew sold to the army as supplies for troops.

The Romans were similar to other empires—the Han, Persian, and Mauryan—in all of the following ways EXCEPT \n A \n all of these peoples dominated and exclusively controlled land and sea routes and were involved in building extensive networks of exchange and communication. \n B \n all of these societies ruled complex, multiethnic, sprawling states that included members of many different religions whose beliefs were usually tolerated by ruling elites; sometimes, however, subjects were persecuted for not following the state religion. \n C \n each of these peoples developed and maintained sophisticated networks of roads. \n D \n all of these peoples developed centralized bureaucracies and administered their states from an imperial capital city.

A \n all of these peoples dominated and exclusively controlled land and sea routes and were involved in building extensive networks of exchange and communication.

The effects of epidemic diseases in the Roman and Han empires were similar in which of the following ways? \n A \n Huge numbers of Chinese people migrated to Japan and the Philippines, while large numbers of Romans migrated to western Africa in efforts to escape epidemic diseases \n B \n Both the Han and Roman empires largely escaped the wave of epidemic diseases that slashed population levels in India, Persia, and along the eastern coast of Africa. \n C \n In both cases, declines in population caused by repeated outbreaks of epidemic disease resulted in decreased interregional trade, falling taxes, and less money for government expenses. \n D \n People fled the countryside to the relative safety of cities, where they thought epidemic disease was less likely to spread as nutrition and sanitation standards were higher than in rural areas.

C \n In both cases, declines in population caused by repeated outbreaks of epidemic disease resulted in decreased interregional trade, falling taxes, and less money for government expenses.

Religious historians often consider the fall of the Han empire at the beginning of the fourth century C.E. as a turning point in the history of the Buddhist faith in China. Which of the following events BEST supports that contention? \n A \n Many of the northern nomadic peoples who migrated into northern China after the fall of the Han had already converted to Buddhism and their beliefs influenced the Chinese that they ruled. \n B \n Decreasing missionary activity and the decline in the number of foreign Buddhist merchants traveling to China resulted in the rapid decline of Buddhism in China. \n C \n Confucian, Daoist, and Shinto religious leaders persuaded rulers of many of the small Chinese and northern nomadic tribal regions to keep Buddhist missionaries and even Buddhist merchants out of their territories. \n D \n Buddhism was always primarily a religion practiced by foreign merchants who were traveling through or residing in China and never achieved the status of a mass religion.

A \n Many of the northern nomadic peoples who migrated into northern China after the fall of the Han had already converted to Buddhism and their beliefs influenced the Chinese that they ruled.

All of the following are true concerning the regimes of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid states, which evolved from regions of Alexander of Macedon's empire, EXCEPT which one? \n A \n The Ptolemies based in Egypt soon completely reverted to use of ancient Egyptian religious, cultural, and social patterns while the Seleucids adopted India's religion, caste system, and architectural styles. \n B \n Both of these empires were significant importers and exporters engaged in networks of exchange in the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean basins. \n C \n Neither of these empires adopted a universalizing religion, instead applying a relatively tolerant approach to governing their religiously diverse populations. \n D \n Greek culture, architecture, literature, religion, and language were not limited to elites descended from Greek and Macedonian soldiers and administrators, but were pervasive in both societies.

A \n The Ptolemies based in Egypt soon completely reverted to use of ancient Egyptian religious, cultural, and social patterns while the Seleucids adopted India's religion, caste system, and architectural styles.

Although the Chinese traveler Zhang Qian's journey across central Asia was politically and diplomatically unsuccessful, it did provide the Chinese court with all of the following EXCEPT \n A \n pertinent personal political and military knowledge of western lands. \n B \n customs and traditions of the Xiongnu. \n C \n trade goods in Bactrian markets that laid the foundation for intercontinental trade routes. \n D \n alliance with nomadic peoples far to the west who could potentially assist Han Wudi in his efforts to eliminate the threat of the Xiongnu.

D \n alliance with nomadic peoples far to the west who could potentially assist Han Wudi in his efforts to eliminate the threat of the Xiongnu.

The importance of St. Augustine was \n A \n his abundant economic contributions that made possible \n B \n his development of Christianity into a reasoned doctrine that offered an intellectual, respectable alternative to Hellenistic philosophy and popular religions of salvation. \n C \n his translation of the Bible into a language accessible to his homeland in north Africa. \n D \n his example of ascetic living that contributed to the development of monasticism in Roman Catholicism.

B \n his development of Christianity into a reasoned doctrine that offered an intellectual, respectable alternative to Hellenistic philosophy and popular religions of salvation.

Historians often consider ca.750 C.E. a turning point in Eurasian history. Which of the following events that occurred in that period BEST supports that contention? \n A \n Scandinavian Vikings pioneered trade routes from their homelands across Russia to the Black Sea. \n B \n The Umayyads were defeated and overthrown by Abu al-Abbas and his followers. \n C \n Neighboring peoples conquered and destroyed the city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico. \n D \n The Songhai empire centered in the modern nation of Mali in west Africa emerges.

D \n The Songhai empire centered in the modern nation of Mali in west Africa emerges.

The successful centralization of China under the rule of the Sui dynasty (589-618 C.E.) can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT \n A \n Emperor Yang Jian was a skilled military leader who dethroned the child ruler of the state of Shi, then claimed the mandate of heaven to rule China, leading to his invasions of other Chinese states. \n B \n the Sui emperors improved Chinese defenses by repairing walls along the northern frontiers, as well as constructing palaces and granaries to store food. \n C \n provincial governors and other bureaucrats received little guidance or direction from the imperial court and ruled their region with little interference from Sui emperors. \n D \n military expeditions were dispatched to central Asia and Korea to reassert tributary relationships and demonstrate Sui power.

C \n provincial governors and other bureaucrats received little guidance or direction from the imperial court and ruled their region with little interference from Sui emperors.

The Umayyad empire differed from the Abbasid empire in as much as \n A \n the Abbasids favored the military aristocracy over all others except the Persians. \n B \n the Umayyads were much more concerned with converting other ethnic groups within their borders than the Abbasids, who allowed mo \n C \n the Umayyads were a conquering dynasty, whereas the Abbasids' political and economic opportunities were much more cosmopolitan and allowed for more diversity. \n D \n the Abbasid empire was much larger than that of the Umayyad empire.

C \n the Umayyads were a conquering dynasty, whereas the Abbasids' political and economic opportunities were much more cosmopolitan and allowed for more diversity.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the pervasive, long-term influence of neo-Confucianism on the societies of eastern Asia? \n A \n Nations like Vietnam, Japan, and Korea saw their moral thought, politics, and philosophy deeply influenced by neo-Confucian influences. \n B \n While neo-Confucians were not converted to the Buddhist religion, Mahayana Buddhist writings and reasoning meshed well with Confucian values, morals, and interests. \n C \n Chinese thought and approaches to government, faith, and morals were influenced by neo-Confucianism from ca. 960 C.E. until the early twentieth century. \n D \n There were adaptations of many aspects of Hinduism, including the cults of Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma, to the religious practices of most who followed neo-Confucian tenets.

D \n There were adaptations of many aspects of Hinduism, including the cults of Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma, to the religious practices of most who followed neo-Confucian tenets.

Patriarchal attitudes and standards became much more rigid and significant during periods of heightened regional and transregional interactions. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this concept? \n A \n Buddhism added validity to the concept of women's submission to father, husband, and eldest son if widowed, and encouraged patriarchal attitudes. \n B \n Increased wealth and productivity encouraged patriarchal attitudes, perhaps as a way to preserve family resources and status. \n C \n Veneration of family ancestors encouraged patriarchal attitudes and became more elaborate, making the position of eldest son less important. \n D \n The practice of foot binding faded as a method of controlling the behavior of young girls and their futures, and encouraged patriarchal attitudes.

B \n Increased wealth and productivity encouraged patriarchal attitudes, perhaps as a way to preserve family resources and status.

Changes in the territory controlled by the Song dynasty ca.1126 C.E. and the territory controlled by the Song in the late twelfth century BEST exemplify which of the following historical processes? \n A \n abandonment of indigenous culture and practices in the face of colonization \n B \n the effects of climatic change and desertification on land use \n C \n ritorial reallocation based on religious affiliation of rulers \n D \n esurgence of the power of nomadic peoples over settled peoples

D \n esurgence of the power of nomadic peoples over settled peoples

• Purchasing jewelry and fine textiles from the Byzantine empire \n • Bartering for exotic animal skins in Swahili city-states \n • Exchanging salt, steel, glass, and copper for gold and slaves from western African kingdoms \n • Acquiring silk and ceramics from China \n • Dealing with Russians and Scandinavians for animal skins, furs, honey, amber, slaves \n • Trading for spices and aromatics from southeast Asia \n \n An economic historian interested in exploring the exchanges listed would most likely use which of the following sources? \n A \n an economic history of Gupta empire engagement in networks of exchange ca. 320-550 C.E. \n B \n an economic history of Han empire engagement in networks of exchange ca.206 B.C.E.-220 C.E. \n C \n an economic history of Carthaginian empire engagement in networks of exchange 650 B.C.E.-146 B.C. \n D \n an economic history of Abbasid caliphate engagement in networks of exchange 750-1258 C.E.

D \n an economic history of Abbasid caliphate engagement in networks of exchange 750-1258 C.E.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade ca. 1150 C.E. Which of the following evidence BEST supports the historical reinterpretation? \n A \n Crusader states seized control of parts of Syria, Palestine, Anatolia, and Egypt, and heavily taxed the flow of goods from Abbasid lands and other Asian states to Western lands. \n B \n Korean, Japanese, and Chinese industrialization greatly lowered costs of production for goods like silk, silver bullion, and opium, undercutting Abbasid producers of those products. \n C \n The Muslim agricultural revolution resulted in increased agricultural surpluses in parts of the Islamic world and a series of great trading cities produced a variety of specialized goods. \n D \n Control of secrets of the papermaking process and technology used to manufacture paper allowed the Indian developers of the process to sell paper at highly inflated prices.

C \n The Muslim agricultural revolution resulted in increased agricultural surpluses in parts of the Islamic world and a series of great trading cities produced a variety of specialized goods.

Urban growth was a result of improved agricultural experimentation and a surge in population. In turn, the consequences of urban growth included \n A \n disease and population decline caused by overcrowding, the spread of disease due to lack of immunity, and death. \n B \n the creation of important industrial and production centers that increased trade and administrative and commercial recordkeeping. \n C \n increased rivalry among different tribes, clans, and ethnic groups for control of expanded trade and commercial networks. \n D \n the rise of a fundamental religious movement that sought to protect the umma from foreign theological philosophies that would have diluted Muhammad's original message.

B \n the creation of important industrial and production centers that increased trade and administrative and commercial recordkeeping.

• Industrial crops like henna, cotton, and indigo \n • Staple crops such as sugarcane, rice, and new varieties of wheat and sorghum \n • Vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant \n • Fruits like mango, coconut, watermelon, lemon, lime, banana, and orange \n \n Which of the following would be the BEST source for evidence of the diffusion of the plants listed ca. 750-1258 C.E.? \n A \n images of the effect of diasporic merchant communities on agriculture in Austronesia \n B \n accounts of the results of the Columbian Exchange on agricultural development \n C \n financial records describing tariffs collected by Tang officials in charge of agricultural exports \n D \n descriptions of effects of the Muslim agricultural revolution

D \n descriptions of effects of the Muslim agricultural revolution

The Abbasid's administration of their empire included which of the following? \n A \n a political system based on land grants to military elite who had almost limitless power over the peasantry \n B \n a religious theocracy based on the Koran, Sharia, and conversion with the ulama and qadis in top administrative positions \n C \n a political philosophy based on expansion, exploitation, and extinction of the Shia and Sufis \n D \n more moderate political policies borrowed from the Persians and Mesopotamians that organized the empire into regional territories, administered by governors responsible for taxes, finance, postal services, and infrastructure, assisted by a bureaucratic network

D \n more moderate political policies borrowed from the Persians and Mesopotamians that organized the empire into regional territories, administered by governors responsible for taxes, finance, postal services, and infrastructure, assisted by a bureaucratic network

Historians often consider the Tang dynasty to be a turning point in Chinese commercial history. Which of the following events that occurred in that period BEST supports this contention? \n A \n Extensive importation of opium from sources in India led to a large segment of the Chinese population becoming addicts and vast amounts of silver were exported to purchase the drugs. \n B \n Trading delegations from the Aztec (or Mexica) people, as well as the Inca, transported products from the Americas in exchange for Chinese products like porcelain, tea, bronze, and rice. \n C \n Diasporic merchant communities of Persians, Arabs, Hindu Indians, and Malay mariners existed in southern Chinese cities. \n D \n The development of woodblock printing and evolving papermaking technology made it possible to export large numbers of books written in Chinese to markets throughout Eurasia and Africa.

C \n Diasporic merchant communities of Persians, Arabs, Hindu Indians, and Malay mariners existed in southern Chinese cities.

Which of the following changes BEST justifies the claim that ca. 1050s C.E. marks the beginning of a new period in the history of the Abbasid caliphate? \n A \n The Byzantine empire invaded Abbasid lands and conquered Egypt, north Africa, Palestine, and Syria, seriously weakening the power of the caliphate who was also facing threats from the Delhi Sultanate to the west of the Abbasid lands. \n B \n Mass conversion of Sunni Muslims, Christians, and Jews to the Shia sect led to civil war in many parts of the caliphate with, ultimately, the capital city of Cteisphon being destroyed during sectarian fighting. \n C \n A series of droughts and the collapse of the qanat irrigation system led to mass starvation after agricultural production collapsed. \n D \n Members of the Seljuq Turks, a nomadic people who had migrated into the caliphate, invaded the Byzantine empire, converted to Islam, and assumed control of the government, although the Abbasids continued to be the nominal rulers.

D \n Members of the Seljuq Turks, a nomadic people who had migrated into the caliphate, invaded the Byzantine empire, converted to Islam, and assumed control of the government, although the Abbasids continued to be the nominal rulers.

Which of the following did NOT contribute to cultural and social conditions found in the Arabian peninsula ca. 750 C.E. that influenced the evolution of Islam? \n A \n Despite desert conditions that cover much of the peninsula except for Yemen in the southwest and some scattered oases, humans have lived in and adapted to the environment for thousands of years. \n B \n Most of the people who occupied the peninsula were nomadic herders who migrated to scattered food and water sources in clan or kinship groups; their numbers helped protect them from attack. \n C \n Frequent warfare among tribes and within clans contributed to keeping population levels low and stunted any specialization of labor. \n D \n Family, clan, and tribal ties were crucial in helping desert nomads deal with the harsh climatic conditions where the ability to call upon one's kinsmen in times of need was vital.

C \n Frequent warfare among tribes and within clans contributed to keeping population levels low and stunted any specialization of labor.

All of the following are legitimate differences between the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties EXCEPT \n A \n the Abbasid state employed many Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Persians, and other conquered peoples in administrative roles, whereas the Umayyad dynasty favored Arab elites. \n B \n unlike the Umayyads who conquered extensive areas from the Byzantine empire, the Abbasids only occasionally fought with neighboring states and acquired little territory from them. \n C \n the Abbasids discontinued the Umayyad's jizya, or head tax, imposed by Islamic conquerors on Jews and Christians to allow them to practice their religions, as it was deemed unfair. \n D \n the Umayyad dynasty had limited contact with China, but the Abbasid victory over the Chinese Tang armies at the battle of Talas near Samarkand in 751 C.E. limited China's westward growth.

D \n the Umayyad dynasty had limited contact with China, but the Abbasid victory over the Chinese Tang armies at the battle of Talas near Samarkand in 751 C.E. limited China's westward growth.

A historian researching changes in agricultural practices in Tang and Song China would use all of the following EXCEPT \n A \n reports of the use of composted organic materials and manure used to enrich the soil and enhance productivity. \n B \n analysis of the output of southern Chinese farmers who specialized in production of wheat, and that of northern Chinese farmers who produced rice. \n C \n descriptions of the use of heavy plows drawn by oxen in northern China and water buffalo in southern China to help prepare soil for planting. \n D \n accounts of the introduction of fast-growing rice varieties, allowing for the production of two crops per year.

B \n analysis of the output of southern Chinese farmers who specialized in production of wheat, and that of northern Chinese farmers who produced rice.

Which factor did NOT contribute to the schism between Sunni ("traditionalist") and Shia ("party") Muslims? \n A \n Shia Muslims believe that the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet Muhammad, Ali, and his descendants were divinely appointed to be the rightful caliphs of the Islamic world. \n B \n Shia Islamic practices include the veneration of martyrs and sect leaders in a series of holy days celebrated each year. \n C \n Shia Muslims adopted theological practices and approaches to interpretations of the Quran and the Hadith that supported their political views. \n D \n Shia Islamic practices are very similar to some Christian and Jewish practices, and Shia people had good relations with members of those faiths and relieved them of paying the jiyza, or head tax.

D \n Shia Islamic practices are very similar to some Christian and Jewish practices, and Shia people had good relations with members of those faiths and relieved them of paying the jiyza, or head tax.

A historian interested in investigating the navigational practices of Ptolemaic and Seleucid mariners would be most likely to consult which of the following sources? \n A \n descriptions of Roman shipwrecks from the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf ca. 200 C.E. \n B \n the charts used by the Chinese Admiral Zheng He during any of his voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean basin ca. 420s C.E. \n C \n autobiographies of Persian Zoroastrian merchants who lived in mercantile settlements in Ceylon and southwestern India ca. 500 B.C.E. \n D \n accounts of how Indian and east African navigators learned about the monsoon winds that greatly influenced shipping practices in the Indian Ocean basin ca. 200 B.C.E.

D \n accounts of how Indian and east African navigators learned about the monsoon winds that greatly influenced shipping practices in the Indian Ocean basin ca. 200 B.C.E.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the decline of the Song equal-field system of agricultural land allocation system by the beginning of the eighth century C.E.? \n A \n The Mongol invasion saw all land transferred to the control of the new rulers of China. \n B \n This period saw a rapid increase in total population, thus increasing demand for land for subsistence farming. \n C \n Elites found ways to pressure bureaucrats to let them retain land that should have been reallocated through the use of favors, bribes, or intimidation. \n D \n Buddhist monasteries acquired large tracts of land, removing that property from the reallocation process.

A \n The Mongol invasion saw all land transferred to the control of the new rulers of China.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the evolution of the hajj, one of the Five Pillars of Islam proclaimed by the prophet Muhammad ca. 632 C.E.? \n A \n The Abbasid caliphs consider support of the hajj to be a religious and political responsibility, so a series of inns were built along routes followed by pilgrims. \n B \n The routes that were followed by pilgrims during the yearly hajj were policed and maintained by Abbasid officials. \n C \n Expansion and diffusion of networks of exchange and political stability during much of the Abbasid period did little to encourage Muslims to make hajj at least in their lifetimes. \n D \n The Abbasid caliphs believed that support for the hajj enhanced their prestige and moral authority as protectors of Islam.

C \n Expansion and diffusion of networks of exchange and political stability during much of the Abbasid period did little to encourage Muslims to make hajj at least in their lifetimes.

Religious historians often consider the fall of the Han empire at the beginning of the fourth century C.E. as a turning point in the history of the Buddhist faith in China. Which of the following events BEST supports that contention? \n A \n Many of the northern nomadic peoples who migrated into northern China after the fall of the Han had already converted to Buddhism and their beliefs influenced the Chinese that they ruled. \n B \n Decreasing missionary activity and the decline in the number of foreign Buddhist merchants traveling to China resulted in the rapid decline of Buddhism in China. \n C \n Confucian, Daoist, and Shinto religious leaders persuaded rulers of many of the small Chinese and northern nomadic tribal regions to keep Buddhist missionaries and even Buddhist merchants out of their territories. \n D \n Buddhism was always primarily a religion practiced by foreign merchants who were traveling through or residing in China and never achieved the status of a mass religion.

A \n Many of the northern nomadic peoples who migrated into northern China after the fall of the Han had already converted to Buddhism and their beliefs influenced the Chinese that they ruled.

The Ka'ba was important in early Bedouin culture because \n A \n it marked the site of an historical battle between the Umayyads and Abbasids. \n B \n it was where Gabriel appeared to Muhammad with a message from Allah. \n C \n it was a city of cultural and intellectual activity, including universities, monasteries, and astronomical observatories. \n D \n it has become the most sacred place of worship in Islam, although it was originally the shrine for various ancient Bedouin gods and goddesses.

D \n it has become the most sacred place of worship in Islam, although it was originally the shrine for various ancient Bedouin gods and goddesses.

Which of the following would be the most useful source of evidence that early Islamic mariners were able to compute latitude? \n A \n research about the evolution of mapmaking by early Islamic cartographers \n B \n documents related to use of rudders on early Islamic merchant ships \n C \n examination of items recovered from early Islamic shipwrecks \n D \n investigation of the evolution of use of the astrolabe by early Islamic sailors

D \n investigation of the evolution of use of the astrolabe by early Islamic sailors

A historian researching Persian influences on Islam would find all of the following to be true EXCEPT \n A \n Persian culture with its history of polytheistic religion had little influence on expanding Islamic states. \n B \n Persian administrative practices were adopted by Umayyad and Abbasid rulers after they conquered the Sasanid empire. \n C \n Persian concepts of rulers as absolute monarchs, who were also benevolent and judicious, infiltrated Islamic political thought. \n D \n Persian became the language of choice for history, poetry, literature, and of political discourse while Arabic evolved into the language used for law, philosophy, religion, and theology.

A \n Persian culture with its history of polytheistic religion had little influence on expanding Islamic states.

Around which of the following statements did the political attitude and philosophy center during the Tang era? \n A \n China was the Middle Kingdom with responsibility to bring order to subordinate lands through a system of tributary relationships. \n B \n China was an instrument of the dao in which it was responsible for the spreading of the message of Daoism. \n C \n China's responsibility lay in civilizing surrounding nomadic groups, including the Mongols and the Uighurs so that Chinese political and intellectual life would be preserved. \n D \n China's political goal during the Tang was to reorganize the empire so that it was divided into various self-sufficient regional territories with an appointed military authority responsible for ruling in the name of the emperor in order to provide greater monitoring at the local level.

A \n China was the Middle Kingdom with responsibility to bring order to subordinate lands through a system of tributary relationships.

"In the name of God the Merciful and the Compassionate: This is the safe conduct accorded by the servant of God 'Umar, the Commander of the Faithful, to the people of \[Jerusalem\]. \n He accords them safe-conduct for their persons, their property, their churches, their crosses, their sound and their sick, and the rest of their worship. \n Their churches shall neither be used as dwellings nor destroyed. They shall not suffer any impairment, nor shall their dependencies, their crosses, nor any of their property. \n \n No constraint shall be exercised against them in religion nor shall any harm be done to any among them .... \n \n The people of \[Jerusalem\] must pay the jizya \[required tax on non-Muslims\] in the same way as the people of other cities. \n They must expel the Romans \[Byzantine soldiers and officials\] and the brigands from the city. Those who leave shall have safe-conduct for their persons and property until they reach safety. Those who stay shall have safe conduct and they must pay the jizya like the people of \[Jerusalem\]. \n Those of the people of \[Jerusalem\] who wish to remove their persons and effects and depart with the Romans \[Byzantines\] and abandon their churches and their crosses shall have safe-conduct for their persons, their churches, and their crosses, until they reach safety." \n \n Muhanunad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, "Peace Terms with Jerusalem, 636 C.E.," c. tenth century C.E. \n \n This passage about religion in the seventh century provides evidence of \n A \n the persecution of other religions by Islamic leaders \n B \n the toleration of other religions by Muslims in conquered territory \n C \n the conflict between Romans and Byzantines over territory \n D \n the cooperation between Jewish and Muslim leaders in governing Jerusalem

B \n the toleration of other religions by Muslims in conquered territory

All but which of the following factors contributed to rapid Arab adoption of various Greek, Hellenistic, and Indian medical practices, as well as mathematical, scientific, and medical scholarship? \n A \n The Indian use of the number zero as a placeholder was adopted by Islamic scholars and allowed for the development of Hindu-Arabic numbers. \n B \n Hellenistic and Indian advances in warfare, like Greek fire and use of elephants, replaced the previous Arab use of bows as weapons and use of camels and horses for transportation. \n C \n Greek study of physiology and anatomy, as well as Indian medical practices and treatments, became part of the flourishing Islamic medical community. \n D \n Greek astrological records from ancient times were compared to Islamic astronomical observations and advanced the use of astronomy as a science

B \n Hellenistic and Indian advances in warfare, like Greek fire and use of elephants, replaced the previous Arab use of bows as weapons and use of camels and horses for transportation.

Which of the following describes a major change that occurred in Eurasia ca. 800 C.E.? \n A \n During the Abbasid caliphate, an expansive, elaborate trade network spawned connections between all regions of the Islamic world, creating a hemispheric economy. \n B \n Decline of trade between the Tang and Abbasid empires was a direct result of a series of outbreaks of epidemic disease that killed millions and stunted networks of exchange. \n C \n Resurgent Christian power lead to a series of campaigns that resulted in the re-conquest of Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia and their incorporation into the Byzantine realm. \n D \n A series of brutal civil wars based on sectarian differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims destroyed Islamic unity and encouraged Tang Chinese expansion into central Asia.

A \n During the Abbasid caliphate, an expansive, elaborate trade network spawned connections between all regions of the Islamic world, creating a hemispheric economy.

A historian researching changes in agricultural practices in Tang and Song China would use all of the following EXCEPT \n A \n analysis of the output of southern Chinese farmers who specialized in production of wheat, and that of northern Chinese farmers who produced rice. \n B \n descriptions of the use of heavy plows drawn by oxen in northern China and water buffalo in southern China to help prepare soil for planting. \n C \n accounts of the introduction of fast-growing rice varieties, allowing for the production of two crops per year. \n D \n reports of the use of composted organic materials and manure used to enrich the soil and enhance productivity.

A \n analysis of the output of southern Chinese farmers who specialized in production of wheat, and that of northern Chinese farmers who produced rice.

A historian researching the reign of the Harsha (ruled 606-648 C.E.) would most likely use which of the following sources?
A
Ibn Battuta's itinerary that describes the various cities he visited and people that he interacted with during his travels.
B
accounts from the Chinese monk Xuanzang, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who lived in northern India during Emperor Harsha's rule and wrote about distributing wealth to his subjects
C
journals of Admiral Zheng He whose fleet was ordered by Song bureaucrats to collect tributary payments from India to be delivered to the Song Emperor
D
the diary kept by the Venetian diplomat and merchant Marco Polo when he visited different parts of Eurasia and Africa

B
accounts from the Chinese monk Xuanzang, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who lived in northern India during Emperor Harsha's rule and wrote about distributing wealth to his subjects

Which of the following resulted from adapting agriculture to a monsoon environment?
A
increased urbanization, particularly in the north which contained the larger river basins of the peninsula
B
decreased population because urbanization stressed natural resources to the point of disease, drought, and famine
C
increased development of irrigation systems in order to support more dense populations which grew into urban areas
D
increased conflict over more abundant food surpluses

C
increased development of irrigation systems in order to support more dense populations which grew into urban areas

All of the following were important consequences of Charlemagne's coronation by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800 C.E., EXCEPT
A
public recognition of his accomplishments of creating a somewhat unified state in the center of western Europe.
B
recognition of his political status and support for his "empire" by the Roman Catholic Church in Rome.
C
anxiety of the Abbasid empire because of the combined strength of political and religious administration enjoyed by Charlemagne.
D
conflict with the emperor of Byzantium.

A

public recognition of his accomplishments of creating a somewhat unified state in the center of western Europe.

Which of the following describes a major change in Indian social organization related to the caste system in postclassical India?
A
Increasing commercial integration between northern and southern India resulted in the expansion of the caste system to the southern part of the subcontinent.
B
Members in the emerging urban guilds of artisans and small manufacturers did not participate in the caste system, allowing members of all castes to practice any trade they chose.
C
Peoples like Turkish central Asians and Muslim merchants who migrated to India remained aloof from the caste system and were never integrated fully into Indian society.
D
The caste system ceased to evolve and was restricted to northern India regions that had been colonized by Aryans.

A
Increasing commercial integration between northern and southern India resulted in the expansion of the caste system to the southern part of the subcontinent.

All of the following contributed to India's developing into an "emporia" and clearinghouse for the Indian Ocean trade network EXCEPT
A
the disintegration of strong Islamic kingdoms in the west and the Tang dynasty in the east.
B
its central location.
C
the development of specialized production in India, including cotton textiles, sugar refining, leather tanning, and iron and steel production as well as carpet weaving.
D
increased maritime technology.

A
the disintegration of strong Islamic kingdoms in the west and the Tang dynasty in the east.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that the power of the Byzantine empire was broken by Arab invasions between 675 and 720 C.E. Which of the following BEST supports this historical reinterpretation?
A
Changes in trade patterns as a result of Portuguese exploration led to European exploitation of sea routes to Asian markets and provided the Byzantines with new export markets.
B
The Byzantines converted to Roman Catholicism, and a series of invasions of Muslim-held lands by the reunified Christian forces led to a proclamation of a Holy Roman empire in southwest Asia.
C
The reorganization of the Byzantine empire under the theme system of governance allowed the empire time to reorganize and launch counteroffensives between the ninth and twelfth centuries.
D
Outbreaks of epidemic diseases swept through the Muslim world, and the population declines led to a lack of sufficient manpower for the Arabs to fight back against Byzantine expansion.

C
The reorganization of the Byzantine empire under the theme system of governance allowed the empire time to reorganize and launch counteroffensives between the ninth and twelfth centuries.

A historian researching the surge in Indian Ocean commerce during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods would most likely use which of the following sources?
A
copies of cargo lists from merchants who were engaged in trade centered in Ceylon where Arabs and Persians transshipped goods to western Indian Ocean markets
B
diplomatic correspondence between the Song Chinese court and the Byzantine empire regarding trade opportunities using Indian Ocean routes
C
travelers accounts describing the different types of trade goods available at different trading cities around the Indian Ocean as observed during their travels
D
excavated ruins of Ottoman trading stations in India, the Philippines, and along the western African coastline where they conducted trade

A
copies of cargo lists from merchants who were engaged in trade centered in Ceylon where Arabs and Persians transshipped goods to western Indian Ocean markets

In about 1000CE, western Mediterranean and (Worse/Horse) merchants shared which of the following?

B

Both groups relied exclusively on the land Silk Roads.

D

Both groups of merchants were involved in networks of exchange.

D

Both groups of merchants were involved in networks of exchange.

Since merchants involved in Indian Ocean trade often were delayed, they frequently

B

married and converted their vies to their religion.

D

settled in the foreign port and converted to local faith.

B

married and converted their vies to their religion.

Historians researching Mongol attempts to increase communications/exchanges between diverse societies to promote European integration would be least likely to examine which of the following?

B

letters from missionaries of various faiths detailing work to convert citizens of the Mongol empire.

A historian examining origins of the Turkish peoples of Central Asia would most likely use which of the following?

C

diplomatic correspondence between Xiongnu state and Han empire ca. first-second century.

All of the following are true of Mongol integration with Persian cultural/religious beiliefs during the Mongol Ilkhanate EXCEPT

B

religious pluralism and a growing economy attracted from the Mediterranean and India.

All of the following contributed to significant commerical growth in the empire of Ghana EXCEPT

A

interactions with European traders along the Atlantic Ocean coast interesting in purchasing slaves.

Which statement best describes effects Mongols had on large cities like Baghdad?

A

large cities lost importance as trading centers as Mongols provided safe, secure passages.

Which of the following was NOT Ming Chinese’s response after they expelled foreign rulers (Mongols) and effects of an outbreak of bubonic plaque in 1368CE?

Ming dynasty elected to reinvigorate naval traditions associated with Zheng He and build large fleets that projected Ming power/trading connections.

\[image question\] Which explanation for the cause of the rapid spread of the Black Death is supported by the image?

the spread of rodents through trade.

All of the following are significant connections between serfdom in Russia 1650 and emergence of capitalism elsewhere in Europe EXCEPT

C

serfs unable to produce agricultural surpluses to export to western Europe as climate was too cold to produce most cereal crops.

Why did Spanish missionaries have more luck converting matives than either the British or French?

A

the natives in French/English territories were nomads and thus more difficult to convert.

A historian challenged the view that silver produced in Americans played a minor role in expansion of world trade. All of the following supports the reinterpretation EXCEPT

A

world network of communication and exchange contracted excessive silver and depressed value of goods.

Islam arrived in India via several different vehicles. which of the following was most effective?

merchants who settled in port cities along the coastline, bringing economic opportunity and connection, in addition to Islamic beliefs and traditions, with the rest of the Indian Ocean trade network

Causes of the decline and dissolution of the Carolingian empire included all of the following EXCEPT

new and improved trade and diplomatic relationships with surrounding territories due to new nomadic contacts.

In about 1000 C.E., western Mediterranean and Norse merchants shared which of the following attributes?

Both groups of merchants were involved in networks of exchange connecting the Byzantine empire and Abbasid caliphate with western European states.

Which of the following developments in the period ca. 200-1000 C.E. BEST explains

Increased political stability and the introduction of new food crops from Muslim lands

In what way did ALL of postclassical Europe resemble the Abbasid empire?

Both postclassical Europe and the Abbasid empire helped consolidate their respective religions (Christianity in Europe; Islam in the Abbasid empire) as the principal cultural influence in their respective societies as well as used various methods of expanding the religious and moral authority of Islam/Christianity.

How did the economy of western Europe compare with that of Byzantium?

Byzantium's economic base consisted of a strong free peasantry combined with textile exportation, including that of silk.

Which of the following changes to Western Europe during the period 400-1450 occurred under the reign of Charlemagne?

A new model of civilization emerged in Western Europe for the first time since the fall of Rome

What conclusion about Europe and China does this painting support?

Both leaders of Western Europe and Tang China legitimize their rule through religious or ethical beliefs

Which statement accurately describes the historical context for the fifth section of the passage?

The Byzantine Empire was still connected to remnants of the Roman Empire by adapting religious institutions.

Which of the following is a reason for why Justinian issue laws targeting heretics?

New peoples were drawn to the Byzantine Empire with the growth of Constantinople as the western end of the Silk Roads.

\
Why does there seem to be a connection between the rise of regional kingdoms and trade in Africa?

A

Trade made people greedy and the state needed to be present to enforce law and order.

B

By controlling local commerce, chieftains increased their wealth, enhanced their power, and extended their authority, allowing them to become kings.

C

Merchant families appointed a king so that outside traders would know whom to contact to initiate trade.

D

Controlling trade required a government bureaucracy to keep track of taxation.

B

By controlling local commerce, chieftains increased their wealth, enhanced their power, and extended their authority, allowing them to become kings.

\
All of the following were aspects of the Songhay empire that mirrored religious practices previously followed in the empires of Ghana and Mali EXCEPT

A

the emperors were all Muslims and financially supported mosques.

B

acceptance of Islam damaged trade connections with north African merchants and rulers.

C

an Islamic university located in Timbuktu was funded by the state.

D

schools were maintained where boys learned the Quran.

B

acceptance of Islam damaged trade connections with north African merchants and rulers.

\
Which of the following changes BEST justifies the claim that population pressures were becoming a concern in the Qing empire ca. 1750?

A

Civil war and rebellion caused a dip in population between ca.1600 and ca.1650.

B

The population in ca.1500 was far smaller than one would have predicted given populations elsewhere in the world.

C

Epidemic disease continued to cause significant population fluctuations in China between ca. 1500 and ca. 1750.

D

Despite the large land area, only a small part of China was fertile farmland and even irrigation, mountain terracing, new rice strains, and agricultural innovations were not able to meet food demand.

D

Despite the large land area, only a small part of China was fertile farmland and even irrigation, mountain terracing, new rice strains, and agricultural innovations were not able to meet food demand.

\
All of the following are true concerning the establishment of the bakufu in Japan in 1600 by the military leader Tokugawa Ieyasu EXCEPT

A

the four-hundred-year period of rule by a series of shoguns-military governors who theoretically exercised power in the emperor's name but actually controlled the central government-led to divisions between the shoguns and their retainers.

B

sixteenth century Japanese political life was so chaotic that the century was referred to as the era of sengoku-"the country at war"

C

the lack of imperial authority resulted in strains between the imperial court and the powerful shoguns that resisted attempts of emperors to regain their authority and to actually rule the country.

D

Christian missionary efforts had been so successful that the imperial dynasty was able to reassert its authority and reunite the country under direct imperial control.

D

Christian missionary efforts had been so successful that the imperial dynasty was able to reassert its authority and reunite the country under direct imperial control.

\
All of the following statements are true about the Chinese commercial diaspora in southeast Asia during the Ming and Qing dynasties EXCEPT

A

tropical products were highly valued in China, so Chinese merchants expanded their network of exchange to include Chinese merchants residing in lands from Thailand to eastern Indonesia.

B

Chinese merchants soon came to dominate Manila market, where Chinese tea, porcelain, and silk were exchanged for American silver brought to the Philippines by the Manila galleons.

C

VOC or Dutch East India Company merchants in Batavia and other Indonesia ports traded spices and silver with Chinese merchants who offered tea, silk, and porcelain-Chinese specialty products.

D

after the reconnaissance voyages of Admiral Zheng He, both the Ming and its successor, the Qing, maintained large navies that patrolled the sea lanes of southeast Asia, enhancing trade opportunities.

D

after the reconnaissance voyages of Admiral Zheng He, both the Ming and its successor, the Qing, maintained large navies that patrolled the sea lanes of southeast Asia, enhancing trade opportunities.

\
The growth of Chinese exports of tea, lacquerware, silk, and porcelain during the early years of the Qing dynasty ca. 1650 to markets in central Asia, Europe, and the states of the Indian Ocean basin resulted in which of the following changes in the experiences of most Chinese people?

A

Demand for Chinese products like tea, lacquerware, silk, and porcelain was in decline as coffee, copper utensils, woolens, and stone crockery were in greater demand in most world markets.

B

The Chinese chose to import relatively few items-those included spices, tropical birds, and exotic animal skins-and silver bullion was used by various customers to pay for desired Chinese products.

C

Chinese population pressures and declining agricultural production forced the Qing to import large amounts of food and to pay for the food imports by exporting large amounts of gold bullion.

D

European industrial technology was introduced to China, and soon Chinese manufacturing eclipsed the production of European states.

B

The Chinese chose to import relatively few items-those included spices, tropical birds, and exotic animal skins-and silver bullion was used by various customers to pay for desired Chinese products.

\
The spread of the practice of foot binding, which probably originated during the Song dynasty but became very popular during the later Ming and Qing dynasties, typically led to which of the following changes in the experience of women who were subjected to the foot binding process?

A

Women with bound feet were expected to complete the same domestic tasks as women whose feet were not bound.

B

Women who underwent this process lost status, as those women were perceived to be prostitutes if their feet were bound.

C

Women who experienced foot binding were exclusively from the middle and lower classes, as upper class women were often involved in organized sports favored by the Manchu peoples.

D

Women who had their feet bound were usually upper class, as the process ended up making them unable to move around easily and thus their labor was not needed, adding status to the family.

D

Women who had their feet bound were usually upper class, as the process ended up making them unable to move around easily and thus their labor was not needed, adding status to the family.

\
The Kongo king's conversion to Christianity followed a familiar pattern in Africa in which

A

upper classes force lower class conversions as part of treaty deals to delay invasion.

B

trade prompts religious conversions among the ruling and merchant classes.

C

political instability promotes religious conversions among the lower classes.

D

invaders force religious conversions among all peoples before they are viewed as human.

B

trade prompts religious conversions among the ruling and merchant classes.

\
Law and society made traditional African slavery different from Asian and European bondage in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A

control of slaves meant control of wealth, since they served as a type of property that could be inherited and were a form of investment for individuals.

B

slaves in Africa were treated as chattels and the status of being a slave could never be altered, and children born to slaves were always considered slaves as well.

C

wealth and power in Africa was related to control of labor which was used to cultivate commonly held land, as land was not considered private property.

D

slaves sometimes adopted into their owner's kinship group could be granted freedom or even relatively high status in his or her new family.

B

slaves in Africa were treated as chattels and the status of being a slave could never be altered, and children born to slaves were always considered slaves as well.

\
Islam was most popular in sub-Saharan Africa in

A

the thinly populated rural areas.

B

the commercial centers of west Africa and the Swahili city-states.

C

areas that had previously had contact with Christian missionaries.

D

poor areas, where payment for conversion had the greatest appeal.

B

the commercial centers of west Africa and the Swahili city-states.

\
The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity because

A

of Matteo Ricci's refusal to respect Chinese traditions.

B

by that time Islam had already made important inroads into China.

C

of what had happened to Korea when they converted to Christianity.

D

of Christianity's exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Daoism and Buddhism.

D

of Christianity's exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Daoism and Buddhism.

 \n From the information in the chronology of events related to the Mongols between 1206 and 1289 C.E., which of the following statements can you infer to be correct?

A

The Mongols never developed naval forces and were instead a completely land-based power. \n B

Mongol armed forces were less successful when fighting in humid, tropical rain forests or on islands. \n C

Several early Mongol campaigns were failures, but later campaigns were mostly successful. \n D

Several early Mongol campaigns were failures, but later campaigns were mostly successful.

B

Mongol armed forces were less successful when fighting in humid, tropical rain forests or on islands.

Which of the following BEST characterizes a central element of the role of nomadic people in transporting goods between China and the Mediterranean Sea basin during the postclassical period and later?

A

The conversion of the Mongols and related Turkic peoples from shamanism to Confucianism enabled them to build strong religious and cultural ties with peoples of the Mediterranean basin. \n B

The settlements that these people occupied during periods of the year when they farmed and produced large agricultural surpluses were ideal trading posts for the exchange of goods.

C

Nomadic people were familiar with central Asia geography, and their horsemanship and knowledge of breeding and caring for horses helped them organize and manage caravans of goods.

D

The rigid caste system of social organization that the Mongols and related Turkic peoples adapted from Indian culture enabled them to assign each caste a role in commercial endeavors.

C

Nomadic people were familiar with central Asia geography, and their horsemanship and knowledge of breeding and caring for horses helped them organize and manage caravans of goods.

 \n A historian researching Mongol attempts to increase communications and exchanges between diverse societies to promote Eurasian integration would be least likely to examine which of these sources?

A

descriptions of trade routes and amenities that the rulers of the four successor empires provided to merchants \n B

letters from missionaries of various faiths detailing their work to convert citizens of the Mongol empires \n C

diplomatic exchanges between the Great Khan and rulers of the Ilkhans in Persia, the Golden Horde in Russia, and the Chaghatai lands in central Asia \n D

accounts of the resettlement of subject peoples who were allies and talented individuals with specific skills to different parts of the empires

B

letters from missionaries of various faiths detailing their work to convert citizens of the Mongol empires