AP Chemistry Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for key vocabulary and concepts from the AP Chemistry review notes.

VSEPR Theory

Predicts the geometry of molecules based on electron pair repulsion.

Tetrahedral Geometry

Geometry with 4 atoms touching and 0 lone pairs, with a bond angle of 109.5°.

Trigonal Pyramidal Geometry

Geometry with 3 atoms touching and 1 lone pair, with a bond angle of approximately 109.5°.

Bent Geometry

Geometry with 2 atoms touching and 2 lone pairs, with a bond angle of approximately 109.5°.

Trigonal Planar Geometry

Geometry with 3 atoms touching and 0 lone pairs, with a bond angle of 120°.

Linear Geometry

Geometry with 2 atoms touching and 0 lone pairs, with a bond angle of 180°.

Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry

Geometry with 5 atoms touching and 0 lone pairs, with bond angles of 90° & 120°.

Octahedral Geometry

Geometry with 6 atoms touching and 0 lone pairs, with a bond angle of 90°.

Hybridization

Mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

Hydrogen Bonding

Occurs in molecules with O–H, N–H, or F–H bonds.

Microwave Radiation Effect

Causes molecules to rotate.

Infrared Radiation Effect

Causes molecules to vibrate.

UV and Visible Light Radiation Effect

Causes electrons to be promoted to higher energy levels, ionize, or break covalent bonds.

Solubility Rule for Na+, K+, NH4+

Any ionic compound containing these ions will be soluble in water.

Solubility Rule for NO3-

Any ionic compound containing the nitrate ion will be soluble in water.

Zero Order Reaction

[A] vs time is a straight line

First Order Reaction

ln[A] vs time is a straight line.

Second Order Reaction

1/[A] vs time is a straight line.

ΔH (Thermochemistry)

Σ Hbonds broken – Σ Hbonds formed (LEFT SIDE – RIGHT SIDE)

Percent Error

|𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟| / 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 100

Strong Acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, and HClO4

Strong Bases

Group 1 and 2 hydroxides

Dilution Equation

M1V1 = M2V2

Titration Equation

MAVA = MBVB

Half-Equivalence Point (Titration)

pH = pKa of a weak acid.

Exothermic Process

ΔH < 0

Endothermic Process

ΔH > 0

Thermodynamically Favored Process

ΔG < 0

Non-Thermodynamically Favored Process

ΔG > 0

RED CAT and AN OX

Reduction at the cathode, oxidation at the anode

OIL RIG

Oxidation is losing, reduction is gaining electrons

The CAT gets FAT

Metallic cathodes increase in mass

A/C

Electrons move through the wire from anode to cathode.

Salt Bridge

Anions flow through the salt bridge toward the anode, cations toward the cathode.