Nutrition Exam 3

5 roles of vitamins and minerals

growth and repair

cofactors in metabolic reactions

oxygen transport

immune function

antioxidants

vitamin

organic compound, 13 essential vitamins

coenzymes of carbohydrate metabolism

thiamin, niacin

cofactors of enzymes in fat metabolism

riboflavin, thiamin, pantothenic acid, bioti

water-soluble vitamins

B, C

Vitamin A role and deficiency

maintain epithelial tissue

night blindness, infections, impaired growth, impaired wound healing

vitamin D role and deficiency

increase calcium absorption, bone growth

weak bones (rickets), muscle function, susceptibility to infections

vitamin E role and deficiency

defend against free radicals

hemolysis, anemia

vitamin K role and deficiency

form blood-clotting factors

bleeding, hemorrhage

thiamin roles and deficiency

coenzyme with thiamin pyrophosphate

loss of appetite

riboflavin role and deficiency

coenzymes with FAD and FMN, carb and fat oxidation

dermatitis, lip and tongue sores

niacin role and deficiency

coenzymes with NAD and NADP, anaerobic glycolysis

weakness, loss of appetite

pyridoxine role and deficiency

coenzyme with pyridoxal phosphate, protein metabolism

irritability, convulsions

cobalamin role and deficiency

coenzyme for DNA and RNA, formation of blood cells

pernicious anemia fatigue

folic acid role and deficiency

coenzyme for DNA and RNA, hemoglobin formation

anemia, fatigue

biotin role and deficiency

coenzyme for carbon dioxide transfer, metabolism

nausea, fatigue

pantothenic acid role and deficiency

forms CoA

nausea, fatigue, depression

ascorbic acid/vitamin C role and deficiency

antioxidant, collagen formation

weakness, slow wound healing

food sources of fat-soluble vitmains

liver, fish, eggs

sources of B1

whole-grain cereal, fortified bread

sources of B2

dairy, meat

sources of pantothenic acid

liver, meat

sources of vitamin C

citrus fruits, greens

pernicious megablastic anemia

folate and B12 deficiency, anemia due to larger than normal RBC

Vitamin A metabolism and function

retinol converted to retinal, used in light-sensing compound in the eyes

vitamin K maintenance function

part of clotting cascade

mineral

inorganic compound

calcium role and deificiency

promote bone and teeth formation

osteoporosis

chloride role and deficiency

nerve impulse conduction

convulsions

magnesium role and deficiency

protein synthesis

muscle weakness, fatigue

potassium role and deficiency

membrane potential

hypokalemia, muscle cramps

phosphorus role and deficiency

promotes bone formation

osteoporosis

sodium role and deficiency

blood volume homeostasis

hyponatremia, dizziness

sulfur role and deficiency

acid-base balance

unknown, unlikely

sources of calcium

dairy

sources of chloride

meat, fish

sources of magnesium

seafood, nuts

sources of potassium

meat, fish

sources of phosphorus

meat, eggs

sources of sodium

meat, fish

sources of chromium

liver, kidney

sources of cobalt

meat, liver

sources of copper

liver, kidney

sources of fluorine

milk

sources of iodine

iodized salt

sources of iron

liver, kidney

sources of manganese

whole grains

sources of molybdenum

liver, kidney

sources of selenium

meat, liver

sources of zinc

oysters

2 types of dietary iron

heme - meat

nonheme - veggies and grain

iron and inflammation

hepcidin modifies exercise-related iron metabolism (decreases) resulting in higher inflammation

what two hormones control blood calcium levels

parathyroid hormone, calcitriol

hydroxyapatite

bone’s major inorganic component

what % of BW is water?

45-75%

what fraction of body water is intracellular vs extracellular

2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular

5 functions of water

cell structure

reactive medium

cooling

pH balance

blood volume

osmolality vs osmolarity

osmolality better because not sensitive to temp

sources of water

60% ingested fluids

30% ingested foods

10% formed during metabolism

avenues of water loss

urination

defecation

sweating

insensible perspiration

how is water regulated in the body?

renin-angiotensin system, action of ADH

renin-angiotensin system

controls Na absorption - water follows

ADH

ADH secretion stimulated by osmoreceptors, aquaporins synthesized in response to ADH

measurements of hydration

plasma osmolality, urine specific gravity

water recommendations

men - 3.7 L/day

women - 2.7 L/day

pregnant - 3 L/day

lactation - 3.8 L/day

vitamin deficiencies in alcoholics 

folate, thiamin, Vit A

mineral deficiencies alcoholics

calcium, magnesium, iron, zinv

pre-exercise hydration

drink 5-10ml/kg 2-4 before

post-exercise rehydration

1.5L / kg bodyweight lost

mechanism of action beetroot juice and sodium nitrate

increases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficienc