AP HUG U3 review

Material culture

Physical objects, artifacts or items

Non-material culture

Beliefs, values, languages or customs

Subculture

A group of people within a larger society or culture who share a distinct set of beliefs different from the main culture

Modern culture

Originates in economically developed regions and is constantly changing

Folk culture

Homogenous and has a strong sense of community

Ethnocentrism

Judging a culture by your own culture’s standards

Cultural relativism

Judging a culture by its own standards

Sequent occupancy

The mark a society or group has left on the cultural landscape over time

Human characteristics of a place

Birth rate, age distributions, languages, religions

Physical characteristics of a place

Rivers, mountains, vegetation, climate, man-made structures

Placelessness

When a place lacks unique characteristics and identity

Relocation diffusion

The hearth shrinks as a result of the physical movement of people to another place

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait from one place to another through person-to-person contact

Contagious diffusion

In all directions without regard to social class, religions or other factors

Hierarchical diffusion

Diffuses from a power source typically

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

Diffusion starts at the bottom and spread upwards

Stimulus diffusion

An idea, trait or innovation spreads from one culture to another but changes to better fit the local culture

Lingua franca

A language used to communicate between people who speak different languages

Creolization

Two cultures or languages come together t create a third one, typically due to colonization

Diaspora

The dispersion of any people from their original homeland, often due to forced migration

Cultural divergence

A culture can split into two different cultures due to a lack of interaction, usually due to barriers within a culture such as linguistics or politically

Cultural convergence

The more often cultures interact, the more likely they are to become similar and merge into one

Universalizing religions

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism

Ethnic religions

Hinduism, Judaism

Isogloss

A distinct boundary defined by linguistic differences

Important language families

Sino-Tibetan and Indo-European

Syncretism

When two or more cultures evolve or change over time in a similar manner but remain culturally distinct (ex. Sikhism has both Hinduism and Islam but developed into its own religion)