hum history midterm

id: cultural diffusion

the idea that certain aspects of different cultures are diffused (by word of mouth, literature, trade, etc) into other surrounding civilizations and cultures. ex: story of david + goliath originated in hebrew culture but ended up as bible story, story of flood in hebrew texts ended up in bible, assyrians + hebrew adopt aspects of hammurabi's code

id: historical method

discover, authenticate, evaluate, organize, interpret

id: hebrew people

the hebrew people spoke a semitic language and were semitic people. they often intermarried with mesopotamians and culturally diffused some of their stories such as the story of david and goliath. they also had a law code similar to that of hammurabi. they believed in one god, known as yahweh and their religious book was the torah. the torah said that obeyers of yahweh would be rewarded while disobeyers would be punished.

id: hammurabi's code

an extensive cose made in babylonia by a babylonian leader named hammurabi. the idea of an "eye for an eye" (aka "lex talionis") was portrayed significantly, however punishments for crimes different greatly depending on the social status of the criminal and the victim, ex: commoner robbing priest \= higher punishment than priest robbing commoner. a common punishment was death.

id: agricultural revolution

when people switched from hunting + gathering to cultivation, causing cultural and social changes. during the revolution, people had to stay put in one area causing the accumulation of land + material possessions, as well as generational wealth, which in turn caused social classes. agriculture allowed for a surplus of food which caused a major surge in population. this caused the specialization of labor and started the formation of cities and empires. the specialization of labor allowed for new technology (textile work, metallurgy, etc.) and developments in religion, writing, astronomy, and math, as well as trade between civilizations which caused the spread of tools, ideas, and culture. the formation of cities and empires caused social structure and governments to become more complex, in turn making more efficient civilizations.

id: paleolithic period

during the paleolithic period, people were hunters and gatherers, with complex strategies to catch games. because people didn't have possessions, permanent land, or generational wealth, there were little inequalities. everyone had a role: men were hunters of big game and women were foragers. religion was correlated with nature and explored themes of life, death, and fertility. venus figurines and cave paintings reflected their artistic abilities. paleolithic people had forms of social organization and communication. they created different tools and adapted their environment to fit their needs.

id: neolithic period

also known as the new stone age, the neolithic era was a time when people refined tools, and started partaking in cultivation instead of foraging. it was the early stage of agriculture. during this time, agriculture started itself throughout the world. it spread fast as people developed new techniques and unique items were spread through travelers, despite the fact that the labor involved in agriculture was more intense than that of foraging. social and cultural changes caused an increase of population, villages, towns, labor specialization, and inequalities

id: great zimbabwe complex

the great zimbabwe complex is located in southern africa, in modern day zimbabwe. the word "zimbabwe" means "dwelling of a chief." the great zimbabwe complex was a large stone complex with many towers and palaces, made by chiefs to serve as the capital. kings living in the complex controlled trade and tax between regions, organizing the flow of gold, ivory, slaves, and local products, and allowing them to forge an alliance with local leaders.

id: trans-saharan trade

a region of trade that took place in north africa, involving ghana and mali. it brought enormous wealth for both empires, giving kings control over trans saharan trade and taxes on products. trans-saharan trade also aided in the spread of islam as many kings would convert in order to better develop relations with merchants and rulers of those they traded with. camels were essential to this trade as they increased efficiency. salt was an important product that they traded because of how much salt people lost through sweating. it was so useful that it was almost as valuable as gold.

id: mansa musa

mansa musa was a descendant of sundiata, the mali lion prince. he was a very important figure in terms of the spread of islam as he built mosques, schools of islam, and encouraged the education of islamic scholars, he was incredibly rich and gave away so much gold and slaves during his pilgrimage that it caused inflation.

id: bantu language

the bantu (which means "people") were a large group of african migrants that inhabited much of southern africa. although the bantu have very diverse economies, they share common languages. there are over 500 bantu languages including zulu and swahili. the bantu language is what unites their incredibly diverse group of people.

id: swahili

the swahili (meaning "coasters") lived throughout the east coast of africa. there were several trade port cities since maritime trade and the indian ocean trade route were essential to their economy. the port cities eventually became powerful city-states ruled by kings. one swahili city-state was kilwa. kilwa created copper coins and multi-story buildings. they often tradedgold and slaves, contributing greatly to the indian ocean slave trade.

id: terrace farming

instead of migrating to a flat area, the incas took advantage of their surroundings and innovated a new solution, the terraces. they used terraces and rain to irrigate their mountainous area in order to create a prosperous agriculture.

id: olmec heads

one significant piece of olmec culture and art were their giant head sculptures. the sculptures were incredibly important as they were possibly in the likeness of olmec rulers, which conveys the idea that people had a lot of respect towards their leaders and that the leaders were seen as much higher and greater than commoners. carved of stone and placed in ceremonial centers

id: machu picchu

possibly served as a royal retreat for the incas. near cuzco, peru. it's significant because it was very well preserved and undetected by spaniards.

id: animism

both the incas and the mayans practiced animism. animism is the belief that certain parts of nature, animals, and objects have spiritual connections and meanings. for example, the inca believed that the sun, moon, stars, planets, and rain were divine.

id: human sacrifice

the olmecs, maya, teotihuacan, aztec, and inca sacrificed people to the gods in order to please them and keep good agriculture. some civilizations sacrificed people they captured, while others treated sacrifice as a great honor and chose the finest of their civilizations to give to the gods

id: shaman kings

priests that doubled as monarchs using their religious power in the growing olmec civilization. they were known as priest-kings or shaman-kings. they were thought of as gods as well as rulers. were the models for the olmec colossal heads.

id: patolli

patolli is a board game used for gambling that many aztecs played despite their social class. aztecs would bet blankets, gold, food and sometimes even homes or freedom. aztecs believed that macuilxochitl was the god that played the game with them.

id: oceanic societies

they were nomadic, with some trade during migrations. most were aboriginal people who were concerned with the environment. in an attempt to avoid overpopulation, some polynesian mariners settled in hawaii, bringing sweet potatoes. eventually as people started settling down to farm and fish, the population spiked. specialization of labor centralized states, and social organization started taking place. ali'i nui was a hawaiian high chief in charge of organizing the military.

id: ballgame

originally played by the olmecs, and eventually the maya and teotihuacan, it was a game using a rubber ball in which people had to score without using their hands or arms. the game was played as a sport, for gambling, during political affairs as a way to end treaties, and some captives fought forced games for their lives as another method of sacrifice. another name was pok-a-tok.

id: tonalpohualli

the tonalpohualli is the representation of the days of one's life in nahuatl. it includes a 260-day cycle comprising 2 smaller cycles. the first cycle included 20 days numbered in order. the second cycle included 13 days which was when aztecs practiced religious observation.

id: huey tlatoani

a tlatoani is the supreme ruler of his city state. the huey tlatoani is the tlatoani of the capital of aztec and also the emperor of the aztec empire. they had absolute power but had to be fair as he was believed to be a representative of the gods. they governed with the assistance of 4 advisors and 1 senior advisor. new emperors were elected by a high council of 4 nobles.

id: democracy

greece was the first "democracy." democracy intends to focus on the people, with values like fairness and equity. socrates believed democracy allows questions, unlike communism. in reality, greece wasn't a complete democracy because women and slaves weren't given a voice (in athens, only male citizens were qualified to join the city councils) and there were corrupt leaders. pericles was the most popular democratic leader in athens

id: alexander the great

alexander ruled macedon after the death of his dad, phillip. he controlled syria, egypt, and mesopotamia, burned persepolis, crossed the indus river, and created the hellenistic era.

id: influence of greek philosophers

famous greek philosophers like socrates, plato, and aristotle left a significant impact and legacy for modern thinking, being both intellectual inspiration for islam and christianity, as well as intellectual authority for european philosophers.

id: philosopher kings

first thought of by plato, a disciple of socrates, the idea of philosopher kings encouraged people to elect enlightened leaders that would help their people learn to think for themselves and be educated. philosopher kings were ideally wise, unbiased, open minded, and fair. relating to plato's allegory of the cave, philosopher kings would work to bring their people outside of the cave and introduce them to new ways of seeing things.

id: spread of christianity

largely spread by paul of tarsus, christianity was the most influential religion in the mediterranean as it appealed to lower classes, women, and the urban population

id: olympics

made for athletes and trainers during pan-hellenistic festivals, the olympics built pride for city-states and honored the gods. it consisted of running, wrestling, and music, among other events

Why did the Minoan Society fall?

Nature disasters and invaders

What was the syllabic script that the Mycenaeans Society adapted called?

Linear B

What is a polis?

a Greek city-state- the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece after about 750 B.C., refers to citadel or fortified site that offered refugee for local communities during times of war or other emergencies

Which society had a lot of military discipline?

Spartan society

Which two city-states fought in the Peloponnesian War?

Athens and Sparta

What happened during the Persian Wars?

(500-479BCE) Darius put down rebellion and mounted expedition to conquer greek cities. Ianian Greeks rebelled against Persian rule, Persians routed at Battle of marathon. Xeroxes tried again to seize Athens but lost battle of Salamis

What was the Delian League?

*An alliance of Greek city-states. Athens became too powerful and took control which led to the downfall.

Who were the kings of Macedone?

Phillip of Macedone and Alexander of Macedone

Who was the guy who conquered a lot of land in the Mediterranean and southwest Asia and stopped cuz army ppl said no more

Alexander the great

What happened when Alexander the Great died?

After Alexander the great died his generals took over and divided into three large realm called antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid

Which of Alexander the greats realms is the wealthiest?

Ptolemaic empire

Which of Alexander the greats realms had the most influence?

Seleucid empire

Which of Alexander the greats realms had the most tension?

Antigonid

Who was the widow from my aristocratic family that had a literary musical talent but since women 'suck' the critics charged her and she prob died idk

Sappho

"An unexamined life is not worth living"-by ?

Socrates

Had a theory of form or ideas qualities of virtue that the world is a pale and imperfect reflection of the world of forms or ideas the virtues in the world and perfectly reflect the ideal qualities

Plato's

Systematic Philosophy

Socrates

Who were the twins that got rescued by a she wolf and became kings

Romulus and Remus

Who were the Etruscans?

Took control of Rome and ruled by nobles. Grew wealthy from trading and mining. Made a Lilly going through a rapid political and economic development dominated and own land and made driving cities and alliances and goods

What were the Hellenistic philosophers

Bro Idek Epicurean identified please as best good M Skeptics - doubt knowledge so sought equanimity Stoic - Most best , consider all human is big family teach ppl they have duty to help other ppl All want ppl to state inner peace and tranquility

What happened during the Punic wars

During the Punic Wars fought between Rome and Carthage, Romans defeat Carthage and sell its inhabitants into slavery.

Who were the brothers Thursday that tried to re-distribute land so that people who have too much will get less

The gracchi Brothers

What was the long era of peace in Rome called

Pax Romana

Who caused the Pax Romana?

Augustus

What is paterfamilias?

The leader of the family, also known as the father who decides whether or not the newborn of the family gets to live or not

Who is Jesus of Nazareth?

Jesus was a Jewish teacher who taught devotion to God and love for human beings and I try to the big crowds because he wise in magical and taught that the kingdom of God is a head but then the Roman didn't like him so he killed them and then the Jesus early followers called him Chris or the anointed one made to order a new testament and became the holy books of Christianity.

Who is the guy that traveled far away to spread Christianity

Paul of Tarsus

Foreigners slaves and women

What did the skeptics believe?

This group of Hellenistic philosophers questioned any assumptions and had a goal of achieving peace of mind. There is no absolute certain knowledge, so they do not believe in religion. They were relativists.

Who were the Stoics?

That the affairs of men in the universe are ordered by fixed laws so man must except his fate and live a life of duty and self-control

Who were the Cynics

Philosophy groups which believed in all pleasures of life where evil and should be scorched

What was Olympics

one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

What island did the Minoan civilization develop

Crete

Latifundia were

Basically One place makes a lot of surplus and trades it to other places who make different surplus

It was a monarchy disguised as a republic

what is the definition of fortitude?/

(n) courage in facing difficulties

what are synonyms for fortitude?/

courage, bravery

what is the definition of clemency?/

(n) the process by which a governor, president, or administrative board may reduce a defendant's sentence or grant a pardon.

what are synonyms for clemency?/

leniency, forbearance, gentleness, mercy, humaness; mildness, moderateness.

what is the definition of malevolent?

(adj) spiteful, showing ill will

what are synonyms for malevolent?

malicious, wicked, sinister, malignant

what is the definition of belligerent?/

(adj.) given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; (n.) one at war, one engaged in war

what are synonyms for belligerent?/

assertive, truculent, pugnacious

what is the definition of insidious?/

(adj) intended to deceive or entrap; sly, treacherous

what are synonyms for insidious?/

cunning, underhanded, perfidious

what is the definition of supercilious?/

(adj) proud and contemptuous; showing scorn because of a feeling of superiority

what are synonyms for supercilious?/

snobbish, patronizing, overbearing

what is the definition of diffident?/

(adj.) shy, lacking self-confidence; modest, reserved.

what are synonyms for diffident?/

timid, bashful, unassertive, withdrawn

what is the definition of craven?/

(adj, n) cowardly; a coward

what are synonyms for craven?/

fearful, fainthearted, pusillanimous, cowardly

what is the definition of stolid?/

(adj) not easily moved mentally or emotionally; dull, unresponsive

what are synonyms for stolid?/

impassive, phlegmatic

what is the definition of duplicity?/

(n) treachery, deceitfulness

what are synonyms for duplicity?/

treachery, deceitfulness

what is the definition of truculent?/

(adj.) fierce and cruel

what are synonyms for truculent?/

aggressive; deadly, destructive; scathingly harsh.

what is the definition of impervious?/

(adj) not affected or hurt by; admitting of no passage or entrance

what are synonyms for impervious?/

impenetrable, resistant, proof against

what is the definition of ascertain?/

(v) to find out

what are synonyms for ascertain?/

discover, establish

what is the definition of redress?/

(v) to make something right

what are synonyms for redress?/

rectify, correct, mitigate

what is the definition of sojourn?/

(n) a temporary stay

what are synonyms for sojourn?/

visit, stopover, brief stay

what is a preposition?

a word or group of words that show position, direction, or how 2 words are related to each other

what is a prepositional phrase?

a group of words beginning with a preposition and including an object of the preposition. the phrase shows a relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.

what are some common prepositions?

about, among, beneath, during, like, out, throughout, with, above, around, beside, for, near, outside, toward, within, across, at, between, from, of, over, under, without, after, before, beyond, in, off, since, until, against, behind, by, inside, on, through, up, along, below, down, into, onto, to, upon

what is an infinitive?

the pure form of a verb like "to be" or "to run"

what is a verb phrase?

a group of verbs that work together to show action

what are helping verbs?

verbs that help form some of the tenses and voice of the main sentence