week 1

metestral bleeding is only indicative of what?

ovulation only

how long is the bovine gestational period?

280 days

how long after calving does a farmer have to get the same cow pregnant in order to ensure the cow will continue to calve once a year?

85 days

how long is the voluntary wait phase after a cow calves?

40-60 days

what are common estrus detection aids?

pressure senstitive mount detectors, tailhead markings, activity meters

what is the primary sign of estrus in cattle?

standing to be mounted

what are secondary signs of estrus?

mounting, standing to mount, clear mucous discharge from vulv, vulvar swelling and hyperemia, sniffing the vulva of other cows, bellowing, restlessness and trailing other cows, resting chin on other cows

what are some transrectal findings of estrus?

uterus edematous and turgid, uterine horns tightly coiled, large follicles present

what are some transrectal exam findings of diestrus>

uterus relaxed, horns less coiled, CL present on ovaryrelaxed uterus, less coiled horns

how long does estrus occur after pgf2a injection?

3 to 5 days

what is the significance of a 2 shot pgf2a program vs a 1 shot?

cows that dont respond to initial will have a responsive CL at the time of the 2nd injection

what is the most likely outcome if you give an anovular cow an injection of prostaglandin f2a?

she will not respond to the injection

how does progresterone base programs work to plan cycling?

inhibits LH secretion and ovulation, when the source is removed, the cow comes into estrus

what is the only FDA approved estrus suppression drug in heifers?

melengestrol acetate (MGA) is a synthetic progestin used to regulate estrus in heifers.

what is the purpose of GnRH based programs in cattle?

synch of cycle and ovulations

not detecting estrus- you choose your schedule basically

selectsynch is used for what type of cattle?

beef- less handling interactions

what is the ram effect or buck effect in sheep?

most powerful stimulus for hastening onset of breeding season, introduction of a novel ram or buck but ewes must be isolated before

in small ruminants, how long after a pgf2a injection will a ewe go into estrus?

2-3 days

how is estrus detected in small ruminants?

slightly swollen and congested vulva

restlessness

teaser with marking harness used to identify ewes in estrus

how is estrus detected in pigs?

ride test

what is the boar effect?

due to pheromones, especially t-a-androstenone, nose to nose contact

2 weeks to see effect

primer: stimulate puberty

signaler: stimulate estrus

why does estrus synch in pigs not work with PGF2a?

porcine corpora lutea are refractory to the effects of PGF2a until day 11/12

how is estrus synced in pigs?

oral progestogens in feed that is administered for 14-18 days

usually cycle 4-9 days after stopping the treatment

what are the indications of BSE in horses?

pre-purchase

pre-breeding

infertility/ problem mare

what are the components of a mare BSE?

1. identification and signalment

2. history

3. general clinic examination

4. specific reproductive examination

what is a maiden mare?

never foaled before

what is a barren mare?

hasnt conceived this breeding season

what is involved with a specific reproductive exam?

perineal conformation

transrectal palpation and ultrasound

evaluation of the vestibulo- vaginal junction

vaginal examination

endometrial cytology and bacterial culture

biopsy

special tests

a normal vulva of a horse should be?

be upright, have a good apposition of the vulvar lips, have more than two-thirds to three-fourths of the vulvar length below the base of the pelvis, clean!

an enlarged clitoris in a horse is concern because?

intersex or signs of excess androgens

what is the landmark in horses for transrectal palpation?

uterine bifurcation

what is different in transrectal palpation of the cervix in horses?

estrus→ decreased tone

diestrus→ increased tone

where can you palpate the ovaries in a mare?

10 and 2 oclock

during a transrectal palpation of the mare, you notice increased tone of the ceuterus, what does this signify?

diestrus

during a transrectal palpation of the mare, you notice decreased tone of the uterus, what does this signify?

estrus

what is the first step of vaginal examination of a mare?

clean the perineum

what is involved in vaginoscopy of a mare?

examine esternal os of the cervix, vagina , vestibulo- vaginal junction

when is a cervix check in mares yield the best results?

diestrus

why are two swabs used when collecting samples from a mare for BSE?

1 for culture and ses, 2 for cytology

a mares cytology of the uterus reveals more than 1 neutrophil per HPF, what does this indicate?

endometritis !!!

if culture negative→ non-infectious endometritis

if positive culture→ infectious endometritis

what is the most common pathogen that can cause infectious endometritis in mares?

streptococcus zooepidemicus

endometrial biopsy is important in this type of mare?

barren

what blood tests could be run in a BSE of a mare if indicated?

hormone profiles, karyotyping, infectious diseases

what is the purpose of hyteroscopy?

intraluminal FB, ablation of endometrial cysts

what is the average duration of spermatogenesis in a bull?

60 days

the routine bull BSE does not evaluate?

libido, serving capacity

what are the advantages to a large scrotal circumference in bulls?

more sprematozoa, and they sire daughters that attain puberty earlier

what is the accessory gland of the bull you can only really check?

vesicular glands

how many cells in a sperm sample from a bull must you examine during a cytology?

100 cells

need 70% morphologically normal

what is the minimum recommended threshold for individual motility in a semen sample of a bull?

At least 30% motility.

how is trich and vibrio tested in potential bull breeders?

preputial scraping

in a ram/ buck breeding soundness exam, what are you checking for?

pizzle rot, uroliths, epididymitis and sperm granulomas , brucella ovis

how long can canine semen live in a female reproductive tract?

7 days

what is unique to the bitch before ovulation occurs?

progesterone starts to increase despite no CL- preovulatory luteinization

what is the most reliable test to determine when a bitch will ovulate?

progesterone

what type of cells are found in a vaginal cytology when a bitch is in heat?

superficial/ cornified flat cells

what is a windsucker test?

gently pull vulva lips apart and should see a pink ‘curtain’ and not the vagina

in a vaginal examination of a mare, the cervix is observed to be on the floor of the vagina, pink, and moist, what stage is this?

estrus

in a vaginal examination of a mare, the cervix is observed to be relatively dorsal/ cranial, pale and dry, what stage is this?

diestrus

what is the site for an endometrial biopsy in a mare?

base of uterine horn

what percent motility must a young bull have in a semen sample to considered to have hit puberty?

10 %

what is the average epididymal transit time in bulls?

8.3 days

what are the components of the breeding soundness examination in bulls?

identification, history, general PE, reproductive examination, semen evaluation

what should preputial conformation be above anatomically on the bull to be considered ideal?

carpus/ hock

dont want no dangly penis

what should the prepuce in a BSE be checked for?

discharge, abscessation, ticks, lamina interna prolapse

what is the ideal consistency of the testes?

firm and elastic, freely mobile

what is a common clinical sign of seminal vesiculitis in bulls?

vocalization

what is the ideal consistency of semen in a bull? stallion?

bull- milky, creamy (more concentrated)

stallion- skim milk (less concentrated)

what stain is used to observe morphology of sperm?

eosin- nigrosin stain

dead sperm appear pink, live sperm appear colorless

how are sperm defects classified?

head, midpiece, tail

what common veneral diseases can be tested for in a BSE?

vibrio (campylobacter), trich

what does a cow’s uterus in estrus feel like?

turgid- edema

what does a cow’s uterus in diestrus feel like?

flaccid- floppy

what does a mares uterus in estrus feel like?

turgid

what does a mare’s uterus in diestrus feel like?

tonic- muscular

what is a consideration that should be taken when using a pgf2a based program for synching?

they only work in cycling animals with a responsive CL

how long does it take the ‘boar’ effect to work?

2 weeks

what type of breeding options are available for frozen semen in SA? why?

transcervical intrauterine insemination or surgical intrauterine insemination

frozen cannot go mobilize thru the cervix easily and needs to reach the oviduct- not efficient

how long does frozen semen last for AI breeding in canines?

24 hours once thawed

why is it best to transport the female after confirmation of ovulation?

cortisol (stress) from transport can lower LH

why do you stimulate the vulva post vaginal insemination?

increases oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions, aiding in sperm transport.

what sperm fractions are used for insemination?

sperm rich only or pre-sperm + sperm rich

which type of semen is more likely to result in higher pregnancy rate and bigger litter sizes when vaginal insemination is used in bitches?

fresh semen

generally what is the process of trans-cervical insemination?

used rigid endoscope passed through cervix, progress visualization on screen, semen placed directly into uterus, feathering and lifting hindquarters

how many days after a bitch has an LH surge would be the best day to breed her?

after 4 days

how can you tell the difference between diestrus and anestrus?

progesterone test

how is hastening of mares done?

put the mares under artificial light bc mares are long day breeders

Increasing photoperiod → decreased melatonin → increased GnRH → increased LH/FSH → ovarian activity

what are the methods used for hastening of breeding season in mares?

artificial photoperiod, hormal, combo

what is the artificial photoperiod for mares?

fixed photoperiod (14-16 hours of light) beginning 15 nov- 1st dec or

1 hr light exactly 9.5 hr after sunset

what is the average lag period in mares?

60- 75 days (takes 35 days for the effect)

how are hormonal methods for advanced breeding season used in mares?

added to the end of the artificial photoperiod cycle to stimulate ovarian activity, such as using progesterone or GnRH.

need 25-35 mm follicles before starting

how do dopamine antagonists hasten the breeding season in mares?

Dopamine antagonists block dopamine receptors, leading to increased release of prolactin, which can enhance ovarian function and hasten the onset of the breeding season in mares.

induce follicular growth during transition

10-35 days after 2 wks of artifical light in january

how is progesterone used to advance breeding season in mares?

Progesterone is administered to synchronize estrus and ovulation by mimicking the luteal phase, thereby promoting the development of follicles and preparing the uterus for pregnancy

effective in late spring transition

how is hCG or GnRH agonists used to advance breeding season in mares?

induces ovulation (hCG) or hastens follicular growth and ovulation (GnRH)

used to predict an estrus window to inseminate rather than checking every 4 hours

what is the prerequisite of using hCG in a mare to program ovulation?

greater than or equal to a 35 mm follicle and mare should be estrus

how long after administering hCG to a mare should she ovulate?

36- 48 hrs

how long after administering GnRH to a mare should she ovulate?

within 48 hours

what is one thing to consider when using hCG in a the same mare again?

Potential for reduced response or formation of antibodies against the hormone.

what method of breeding is allowed to produce a thoroughbred foal that can be registered?

natural mating

how does live cover without veterinary intervention in horses work?

mares are teased daily or everyother day

when mare is in good heat, mare is covered and 2 days later she is teased again- still in heat, covered again