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acronym for purpose of scientific research
DUH
what does DUH stand for
D- discovery (interventions, treatments, practices, drugs)
U- understanding (theory developments)
H- hone in on evidence based practices (examine and compare)
quantitative definition
hard, reliable data, objective, researchers POV
qualitative definition
rich, deep meaning, subjective, participants POV
external validity is?
sampling techniques that capture the population/representative of sample
internal validity is?
how well the experiment is designed so that it rules out alternate explanations of the results
construct validity is?
reliable of the instruments or measurements
statistical validity is?
are we using the appropriate statistical test/ are we analyzing the stats correctly
what are we most interested in?
IV
active IV
the researcher assigns to subjects
attribute IV
existing characteristics of subjects and are not assigned by the researcher
what is the outcome that measures the IV
DV
the extraneous variable is?
any variable other than the IV and DV that you are not investigating but can potentially affect the DV of the research study
what is the confounding variable?
type of EV that relates to the DV and IV in a way that distorts or confuses the relationship
three types of research in medicine and healthcare
correlational, qualitative, descriptive
meta analysis
strongest design, synthesis of the literature in which a researcher uses statistical techniques that summarizes the results of several studies in a single weighted estimate, more weight given to results of studies with more events and higher quality
systematic review
review of literature to address a defined question in which a researcher uses a specific and methodical approach to identify and summarize studies
true experimental
random assignments/ controlled trials
best control for EV
researcher examines the cause and effect relationships between IV and DV by comparing two of more randomly assigned groups
quasi experimental
no active IV
no random assignment
researcher examines the cause and effect relationships between IV and DV by comparing two or more non randomly assigned groups
cohort
observational
attribute
opposite of case control
observational study where the researcher tracks a group who are exposed to a suspected risk factor and group who was not, to ascertain whether the exposure is likely to cause a specific disease or outcome
case control
observational
attribute
looks backwards
less effective at determining causality because of external influences
where a researcher compares a group of people with a disease or have experience with an adverse outcome with a group of people without the disease or who have not experiences the same adverse outcomes to see if the two groups have differing exposures that account for the differences
cross sectional
observational attribute
describes characteristics of a population at a particular point in time or over a short period
compares two or more groups from that population across some variable
case report
a descriptive non comparative study that analyzes a group of people who have a disease (rare) or who have been exposed to a risk factor or intervention
observational
attribute
weak casual evidence
animal lab studies
weakest
done the most
does not translate to humans
helps determine the plausibility of clinical studies with people
which type of research is the most robust
studies of studies
seek out first
meta and systematic
what are the experimental designs
true and quasi
what are the observational designs
cohort, case, cross sectional
what is the non human designs
animal lab
if IV is assigned by the researcher the IV is? the study is?
active and experimental
if the IV is not assigned by the researcher the IV is? the study is?
attribute and observational
if the subjects of a experimental and active IV is randomly assigned it is
true experimental
if the subjects of a experimental and active IV is not randomly assigned it is
quasi experimental
if the variables are exposure then outcome it is a
cohort
if the variables are outcome then exposure it is a
case control
if the variables are exposure and outcome at the same time it is a
cross sectional
therapy
determines the effectiveness of a treatment or interventions for a given condition, disease, or disability
most appropriate research design for therapy is
true experimental
etiology
asks about the causes or risk factors associated with the disease or conditions
most appropriate research design for etiology is
cohort
diagnosis
determines the accuracy of a diagnostic tool or test
most appropriate research design for diagnosis is
cohort and cross sectional
prognosis
examines the probable outcome and progression of a disease or condition
most appropriate research design for prognosis is
cohort
what is PICO
problem or patient population
intervention
comparison or control
outcome
population validity
ecologically validity
accessible sample/sampling frame
who we could potentially sample
selected sample
who we sample
actual sample
who participants
simple random
everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
the list has to be random
systematic random
draws a random sample from the target population by selecting units at regular intervals starting from a random point
stratified with equal proportions
randomly selecting a sample from within certain strata, or subgroups within the population. subgroup is separated from the others based on a common characteristic
different number of people in each group
stratified random with different proportions
randomly selecting a sample from within certain strata or subgroups within the population
same amount in each group
cluster
natural occurring clusters are formed and then the researcher picks a single cluster
convenience
simply recruiting anyone you have access to
quota
separate people into strata or groups and then enroll anyone willing to participate in the study
groups then you get who you get
purposeful
people who are considered experts on the topic of interest are identified and recruited for the study
target the experts then you get who you get
qualitative
snowball
iterative process whereby the researcher establishes trust and rapport with person who have knowledge about the topic
target population is hard to get to/does not want to be found
created by word of mouth
non probabilistic sampling techniques
convenience, quota, purposeful, snowball
probabilistic sampling techniques
simple, systematic, stratified, cluster
R
random assignment
NR
not randomized
O
observation
X
intervention or treatment
~x
no intervention or the usual treatment
E
experimental or intervention group
C
control
M
matching
quasi one group post test only design
NR, E, X, O1
quasi One group pretest-posttest design
NR, E:, O1, X, O2
quasi Posttest Only Nonequivalent groups design preferred over one group pretest posttest
NR, E:, X, O1
NR, C:, ~X, O1
quasi Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Comparison group designs
NR, E:, O1, X,O2
NR, C:, O1, ~X, O2
better quasi Single group time series design (with temporary treatment)
NR, E:, O1O2O3O4 X O5O6O7O8
better quasi Single group time series design ( with continuous treatment)
NR, E:, O1O2O3O4(pre) X O5 X O6 X O7 X O8 (treatment)
better quasi Multiple group time series designs (with temporary treatment) 2 groups
NR, E:, O1O2O3O4 X O5O6O7O8
NR, C:, O1O2O3O4 ~X O5O6O7O8
true Posttest only control group design
R, E:, X, O1
R, C: ~X, O1
true Pretest-posttest control group design most thought of
R, E:, O1, X, O2
R, C:, O1, ~X, O2
true Solomon four-group design very strong
R, E1:, O1, X, O2
R, E2:, X, O2
R, C1, O, ~X, O2
R, C2, ~X, O2
true Crossover study- compared to groups and themselves/ less people
R, E:. O1, X, O2 CROSSOVER, ~X, O3
R, C:, O1, ~X, O2, CROSSOVER, X, O3
true matching Posttest only control group design
MR, E:, X, O1
MR, C: ~X, O1
attrition bias
When there are systematic differences between the trial groups because participants have dropped out or have been excluded during follow up
counter measure for attrition
random assignment, blinding, quality assurance
allocation bias
When there is a systematic difference in how participants are assigned to the intervention and comparison group in a clinical trial
countermeasure for allocation
random assignment
testing
When there is fatigue or a possible carryover effect from the pre-test to the post-test
counter measure of testing
control group and timing
maturation
When participants naturally change as a function of time rather than due to the IV
Young and old susceptible to this
Age wealth health education
countermeasure for maturation
control group
performance bias
When members of one group change their behavior when they realize that they are in a certain group, or when there are differences in care provided to the groups because those administering the treatment have certain expectations
Modify behavior with control/treatment
Researcher treats patients differently
counter measure for performance bias
blinding quality assurance
history
When something external happens right before the study or between the pre-test and post-test that alters how one responds to the assessment
More subtle and unique
counter measure for history
control group
detection bias
researchers have preconceived notions of the treatment
fail to follow protocol/people who do not follow instructions
characteristic of a subject makes it difficult to measure
countermeasure for detection bias
blinding quality assurance
phase 1
testing for safety
20-80 people
low dose
phase 2
seeing if actually works
optimal dose
side effects
100-300
phase 3
does it work better/compared to standard treatment
double blind single blind crossover
longer
placeboes
300 with condition
apply to FDA
phase 4
what else?
monitor
1000+
cost effectiveness
trends
prospective cohort study
start with exposure and then the researcher comes in and follows the group over time to see if DV occurs
retrospective cohort study
exposure, DV occurrence?, researcher comes in
Note 
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