Animal Nutrition - Feed Ingredients

Flashcards about feed ingredients, processing, and nutrition for animal nutrition

Objective

Various nomenclature of feeds and feed processing

Types of Forages

Fresh, Dry, and Ensiled

Feed Types

Supplements, additives, and implants

Forages

High Fiber, Moderate-low NSC, Moderate-low protein

Pasture (Fresh Forage)

Nutrient value depends on species and stage of maturity

C3 Grasses

More fructan, sugar/starch

C4 Grasses

Lower NSC, more heat tolerant, better water retention

Legumes

Higher DE, protein, calcium, nitrogen fixation, less fertilization

Nutrient Quality depends on

Variety, season, maturity, time of harvest, preservation

Forage Quality & Maturity

Energy and protein drops; non-digestible matter (lignan) increases

NSC content varies

Increase with shock (cutting, frost)

Palatability depends on

Pliability of stems, % of leaves, Aroma/Color, Spoilage, Leaf damage/shatter

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)

Hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin. 'Bulk' of feed, how much animal can eat (high NDF = less intake)

Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)

Cellulose + lignin. "Energy"/digestibility of feed (high ADF = less digestible)

Nutrient Value of Hay depends on

Nutrition content of fresh species, harvesting timing and technique

Cubing/Wafering

Uniformity, reduced waste, reduced storage

Ensiled Forage

Naturally fermented feed

Ensiled Forage Process

Bacteria ferment fiber, VFAs (acetate, lactate, butyrate) drop pH, preserve feed, anaerobic fermentation

Nutrient Value Ensiled Forage depends on

Nutrition content of fresh species; Species, and Corn/Rye/Oats/Legumes

Concentrates

Cereal grains, Processed/milled grains, Milling by-products (waste)

Advantages to Processing Grain

Increase surface area, disrupt outer protective coating, alter particle size

Common Cereal Grains

Corn, Barley, Wheat, Oats, Milo/Sorghum/Millet, Rice, Rye

Common Oilseeds

Soybean, Cotton, Flax/linseed, Rapeseed/Canola, Peanut, Sunflower

Cold Processing

Grinding, Rolling, Cracking, Crimping, Reconstituting

Heat Processing

Steam rolling, Steam flaking, Pelleting/Extruding

Grinding

Most common, cheapest, simplest method of grain preparation

Dry Rolling/Cracking

Breaks down grain kernels into particles by applying pressure by moving rollers

Crimping

Rolling with corrugated rollers

Reconstituting

Soaking dried grains in water for (6-24h)

Steam Rolling

Grains are exposed to steam for short period (~3-5min) before rolling.

Steam Flaking

Whole grain exposed to steam for 10 to 40 minutes

Pelleting and Extruding

Compression of small particles with moisture, heat, and mechanical pressure

Grain Byproducts and Crop Residues

Waste from grain/crop processing

Grain Byproducts Purpose

Sources of protein, fat, and fiber, vitamins, minerals

Soybean, Cottonseed, Canola, Flax, Peanut

Oilseed meal (40-50% protein)

Medium protein

Brewers/Distillers grains (17-30%), Wheat midds (10-20%)

High protein

Blood meal (80-85%), Feather meal (85-90%), Fish meal (63-68%)

Energy Supplements

Bakery waste, Tallow

Forage extenders (high fiber)

Cottonseed hulls, Soybean hulls, Peanut hulls, Rice hulls, Beet pulp

Animal Products

High Protein, Moderate-High Fat, Low Carbohydrate/Fiber

Meat Definition (USDA)

Mammal striated muscle, Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle (heart), Tongue, Diaphragm Esophagus

Meat Byproducts Definition (USDA)

Non-rendered, clean parts from mammals

Poultry Definition USDA

Clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of poultry

Poultry Byproducts Definition USDA

Non-rendered clean parts of carcasses of slaughtered poultry, such as heads, feet and viscera

Rendering

Cooking of animal products to remove water and fat

Feed Additives Carnivore diets

Fats and Oils, Fiber supplements, Carbohydrates and Bulking, Conditioning agents, Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Probiotics, Preservatives, Flavorings

Fats and Oils

Additional calories, Flavor (pet foods), Essential fatty acids (omega-3s: DHA, EPA)

Carbohydrate Additives

Grains, Legumes, Potatoes, sweet potatoes

Fiber Supplements

Dried beet pulp, Dried chicory root, Fructooligosaccharide, Powdered cellulose, Inulin, Tomato pomace

Vitamin, Minerals, Amino Acids

Vitamins A, Bs, D, E, Minerals, Amino acids

Preservatives / Antioxidants

ascorbic acid (vitamin C), benzoic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Probiotics

Desirable gastrointestinal microbial cultures that confer a health benefit

Prebiotics

Undigestible fibers (in carnivores) that selectively feed microbial populations

Feed Additives Production animal diets

Fats and Oils, Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Probiotics, Preservatives/Antioxidants, Antibiotics, Buffers, Ionophores, Hormones and Implants

Antibiotics Used as growth promoters

Disease control, Nutrient sparing effect, Competing microorganisms reduced

Bloat Control Products

Prevent rumen gas formation/entrapment

Buffers

Maintain normal rumen pH

Hormone and Hormone-Like Implants

Small pellet deposited underneath the skin behind the ear

Complete Feeds

Balanced, Formulated Feeds; Contains complete balanced nutrition for a species

Premixes

Designed to supplement existing feeds to make them complete

Specialty Feeds

Designed for specific feeding situations

AAFCO standards

Guaranteed Analysis, Ingredient List, Feeding Instructions, Front label information

Guaranteed Analysis

Amounts of macronutrients present in a feed

Ingredient Lists

All ingredients must be listed in descending order