Correlations

"Define correlation in the context of statistical analysis."

"Correlation is a technique that measures whether or not there is a relationship between two variables, known as co-variables."

"Describe the difference between experiments and correlations."

"In experiments, the independent variable (IV) is manipulated to look for cause and effect, whereas in correlations, no manipulation occurs."

"How is a correlation coefficient represented mathematically?"

"A correlation coefficient is represented by the letter 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1."

"What does a positive correlation indicate about the relationship between two variables?"

"A positive correlation indicates that both variables move in the same direction; as one variable increases, the other also increases."

"Explain what a correlation coefficient of r = +0.2 signifies."

"An r = +0.2 indicates a weak positive correlation between the two variables."

"What does a correlation coefficient of r = -1 represent?"

"An r = -1 represents a perfect negative correlation between the two variables."

"How can scattergraphs be used in correlation analysis?"

"Scattergraphs plot two scores along two axes and can include a line of best fit to show trends in the data."

"What is the significance of a correlation coefficient of 0?"

"A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation between the two variables."

"Describe the implications of a strong positive correlation, such as r = +0.9."

"An r = +0.9 indicates a strong positive correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases significantly."

"How can correlation analysis be applied to research examples?"

"Correlation analysis can be used to identify relationships between variables in various research studies, helping to understand patterns without implying causation."

"Define negative correlation."

"Negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable being measured decreases."

"Describe a scenario that illustrates negative correlation."

"An example of negative correlation is the more time spent socializing with friends, the less time available for exam revision."

"Explain what a correlation coefficient of r = -0.2 indicates."

"An r value of -0.2 indicates a weak negative correlation."

"What does an r value of -0.9 signify?"

"An r value of -0.9 signifies a strong negative correlation."

"Define zero correlation."

"Zero correlation means that the two variables are not related at all."

"How can you identify zero correlation using correlation coefficients?"

"Values close to 0, such as r = -0.02 or r = +0.06, indicate zero correlation."

"What does a scatter diagram reveal about the relationship between two variables?"

"A scatter diagram visually represents the relationship between two variables, showing how they correlate."

"Describe the relationship between aggressive parents and their children based on correlation."

"The more aggressive parents are, the more aggressive their children tend to be, indicating a positive correlation."

"Explain the correlation between weather and clothing choices."

"The hotter the weather, the fewer clothes people tend to wear, indicating a negative correlation."

"What does it mean if r = +0.4?"

"An r value of +0.4 indicates a moderate positive correlation."

"Interpret an r value of +0.82."

"An r value of +0.82 indicates a strong positive correlation."

"What does an r value of -0.86 suggest?"

"An r value of -0.86 suggests a strong negative correlation."

"What does an r value of +0.09 indicate?"

"An r value of +0.09 indicates a weak positive correlation."

"What does an r value of 0 signify?"

"An r value of 0 signifies no correlation between the variables."

"How does the number of friends relate to window cleanliness based on correlation?"

"The cleanliness of your windows and the number of friends you have may show a correlation, but the nature of that correlation needs to be determined."

"What can be inferred about the relationship between sweets eaten and dental fillings?"

"The fewer sweets eaten, the fewer fillings needed, indicating a negative correlation."

"How does the price of petrol affect consumer behavior?"

"The more expensive the petrol, the less petrol people tend to buy, indicating a negative correlation."

"What can be said about shoe size and intelligence based on correlation?"

"The relationship between shoe size and intelligence needs to be analyzed through a scatter diagram to determine correlation."

"Describe the significance of correlation in research."

"Significant correlations indicate that there is a relationship between variables, but do not explain why or how that relationship exists."

"Explain why correlation does not imply causation."

"Correlation does not mean one variable caused the other to change; it could be due to causality, chance, or a third factor influencing both variables."

"Identify the three possible explanations for a correlation between two variables."

"1. Causality (one variable caused the other to change), 2. Chance (variables just happened to be related), 3. Third factor involved (another variable is causing the relationship)."

"How can temperature act as an intervening variable in the relationship between ice cream sales and crime rates?"

"Temperature can influence both ice cream sales and crime rates, creating a correlation between the two without one causing the other."

"Define correlational hypotheses and how they differ from experimental hypotheses."

"Correlational hypotheses focus on the relationship between variables without implying cause and effect, unlike experimental hypotheses which seek to establish causation."

"What is the format for a directional/one-tailed alternative hypothesis in correlation studies?"

"The format is: 'There will be a significant positive/negative correlation/relationship between variable one and variable two.'"

"What is the format for a non-directional/two-tailed alternative hypothesis in correlation studies?"

"The format is: 'There will be a significant correlation/relationship between variable one and variable two.'"

"State the format for a null hypothesis in correlation studies."

"The format is: 'There will be no significant relationship between first variable and second variable.'"

"Evaluate the advantages of correlational studies."

"Correlational studies can suggest the need for further research, use secondary data for ease of conduct, and do not require manipulation of variables or a controlled environment."

"What are the limitations of correlational studies?"

"Correlational studies can only indicate if a relationship exists, not why it exists, and may be affected by a third variable problem."

"Discuss how relationships in correlational studies can be misrepresented in the media."

"Relationships found in correlational studies are often mistaken for facts when reported, leading to misunderstandings about causation."

"Describe the relationship between single parent families and crime involvement."

"The relationship is complex and influenced by many intervening or third variables, making it difficult to establish a direct correlation."

"Define a directional hypothesis in the context of age and perception of animal attractiveness."

"A directional hypothesis would state that there is a significant negative relationship between how people perceive the attractiveness of an animal and their age."

"What is a non-directional hypothesis regarding age and animal attractiveness perception?"

"A non-directional hypothesis would state that there is a significant relationship between how people perceive the attractiveness of an animal and their age, without specifying the direction."

"How is a null hypothesis formulated in research?"

"A null hypothesis states that there will be no significant relationship between the variables being studied, suggesting that any observed relationship is due to chance."

"Identify an issue related to internal validity in conducting research on age and animal attractiveness perception."

"Internal validity may be compromised due to factors such as participant bias, environmental influences, or uncontrolled variables that could affect the results."

"Define correlation in research terms."

"Correlation refers to a statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together."

"What is a positive correlation?"

"A positive correlation occurs when an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another variable."

"Explain negative correlation."

"Negative correlation occurs when an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in another variable."

"What does zero correlation indicate?"

"Zero correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables; changes in one do not affect the other."

"Define correlation coefficient."

"The correlation coefficient is a numerical value that quantifies the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables."

"How can correlation terms be applied to research examples?"

"Correlation terms can be applied by analyzing data to determine the nature of relationships between variables, such as age and perception of attractiveness."

"Evaluate the use of correlation as a research method."

"Correlation is useful for identifying relationships between variables but does not imply causation, and results can be influenced by confounding factors."