Chapter 16 BioDiversity
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22 Terms
Capsid
A protein shell made of many individual proteins called capsomes
Inside the capsid?
Nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA
Icosahedral
Many sided polygon
Helical
Capsomeres arranged in a helix, forming a hollow tube
Complex
Has elements of both Helical and Icosahedral.
A characteristic of Bacteriophages.
Envelope
Found in animal viruses, capsid is covered by a membrane, membrane is derived from the host cell membrane, membranes viral (spike) proteins embedded in it.
What part of the envelope can the immune system see?
Only the spikes
Non-living virus / Obligate Parasites
Only one metabolic function (reproduction), can only carry out their one metabolic function by parasitizing a cell.
Lytic life cycle
Infection, circularization, hostile takeover, synthesis, lysis
Lysogenic lifecycle
Infection, Integration, Excision, circularization, hostile takeover, synthesis, lysis
Virulent
The lytic life cycle
persistent
Similar to lysogenic life cycle, chronic low level production w/o damaging the host cell
Latent
viruses that hide from the immune system inside other cells, especially neurons, environmental factors can cause “flare-ups”
Oncovirus
When a virus may cause cancer must be a virus that inserts itself into the host chromosome
Provirus
can only be inserted at specific places
What two types of viruses are proviruses?
Persistent and Oncaviruses
Live / Attenuated Vaccine
Exposes you to either
Live : A close relative to a pathogen that’s less pathogenic
Attenuated : A weakened strain of a pathogen
Inactivated Vaccine
Exposes your immune system to a pathogen that has been chemically altered so it cannot cause disease.
Subunit vaccine
Exposes your immune system to just the recognition factor.
Recognition Factors
Bacteria - membrane proteins; Viruses - spike proteins
Toxoid vaccine
targets a toxin made by a pathogen (bacteria)
How is lysogenic different from lytic cycle?
Lysogenic doesn’t immediately take over functions of the cell, the viral nucleic acid inserts itself into the host chromosome, and each time the host cell duplicates itself, it also duplicates the viral nucleic acid.