Unit 3 Ap World

terms and concepts

Vasco de Gama

Portugues navigator whose voyages to India opened up the sea route from Western Europe to the East through the Cape of Good Hope

Compass

allowed sailors to measure their position in relation to the equator, first made in China

Astrolabe

Could be used to tell time by utilizing the position of the sun. Mainly used in the Muslim World

Christopher Columbus

Made four transatlantic voyages, sponsored by Ferdinand ll and Isabella l of Spain. discovered the new world while trying to find an alternate route to India, Opened up the new world to european exploitation and colonization.

Circumnavigation

The complete navigation around an entire island or continent, used mostly to avoid the Ottomans in order to reach India and the other trade routes.

Trading-post Empires

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade opposed to subject of peoples. Forced mErchant vessels to pay duties in order to trade

VOC

Dutch East India Company, a chartered company whose goal was to trade with Mughal India, where most of Europes cotton and silk came from.

The Columbian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old world of Europe and the New World of the AMericas. The exchange first began in the aftermath of Chirstopher Columbus.

Lateen Sail

Triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind, increasing maneauverability and making early oceanic sailing possible.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese navigator and explorer who led the first European expedition to round the Cape of good Hope opened the sea route to ASia via the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

James Cook

British naval captain, navigator, and explorer who sailed seaways and caosts of Canada, conducted three expeditions to the Pacific Ocean.

Vitus Bering

Went to figure out if Siberia and North America were connected by Land. He said that they were not. He also was appointed to find a northeast passage, a sea route to China around siberia.

British East India Company

An English copmany formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeach Asia and India.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Noted for his patronage of voyages of discovery among the Madeira Islands, and along the Western Coast of Africa.

Manila Galleons

was a spanish sailing vessel that made an annual round trip across the pacific between Manila, in the Phillipines, and Acapuclo, in present Mexico. Were the sole means of communication between Spain and its Philippine colony.

Martin Luther

Was the catalyst of the 16th century protestant reformation, through words and actions he precipitated a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of christian belief and resulted in the division of WEstern Christendom, and Roman Catholicism.

Henry Vlll

presided over the beginning of the english renaissance and the Protestant Reformation.

Council of Trent

Council of the Roman church, enacted formal roman replies to the doctirnal challenges of the Protestants.

Thirty Years’ War

A series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, like religous, dynastic, territorial, and commercial ricalries, its destructiveness occered over most of Euroope, and, when it ended, severly changed the map of Europe. Changed from larger nations to smaller nations.

Protestnats

a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the protestant reformation. A movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followes perceived to be growing errors, abuses, and discrepancies within it.

Siege of Vienna

Was an expedition by the ottomans against the habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold l, that resulted in their defeat by a combined force led by John III Sobieski of Poland. This defeat marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman domination in Eastern Europe.

Glorious Revolution

Permantly establish Parliament as the ruling power of Enlgihs, represented a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitional monarchy.

Peter I

Peter I, or peter the great, modernized Russia, which at the beginning of his ruke, was sagged behind the western countries, and he made the nation into a major power.

St. Petersburg

Served as a point of Russias interessts Westward as the capital moved from Moscow to here, named after him.

Adam Smith

Considered the father of modern economics, stated that wealth is created though productive labor, and that self-interest motivates people to put their resources to the best use.

Ptolemaic universe

Ptolemy placed the Earth at the center of the universe. The universe was a set of spheres that orbited Earth,

Copernican Universe

AStronomical model which positioned the sun at the cneter of the universe, motionless, with earth and other planets orbiting around it in circular paths.

Deism

Used in the intellectul movement, it is the belief in the existance of a surpreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe, they purely jus created it.

Ninety-five theses

A work by Martin Luther, are propositions for debate concerned with the qustion of induglences, and this work was considered to be the beginning fo the protestant reformation.

Missionary

a person sent on a relgious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Jesuits are an apostiolic religion community, they are grounded in love for christ and animated by the spiritual vision of their founder, they help others and seek God in all things.

treaty of westphalia

Put an end to the thirty years’ war, and greatly reshaped the nations of Europe.

charles V

as holy roman emperor, he tried to form a universal empire, however it failed with protestantisms gorwing momentum. And that also made it impossiboe for charles to prevent the fragmentation of his catholic empire.

Spanish Inquisition

the spanish inquisition served to consolidate power in the monarchy of the newly unified spanish Kingdom.

Louis XIV

Ruled his country in one of their most brilliant times. Expanded France’s eastern borders at the expense of the Habsburgs, and then, in the war of Spanish Succession, engaged a hostile European coalition in order to secure the spanish throne for his grandson.

Versailles

Former french royal residence, and center of government, every aspect of construction was in order to glrofy the king.

Catherine the Great

Westernized Russia, led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe, she championed the arts and reorginized the Russiam law code.

Joint-Stock Company

Corporation that was organized for undertakings requiring large amount of capital, the moey was raised by selling shares to investor, who became partners in the venture.

putting out system

was a system of domestic manufacturing that was prevalent in rural areas of western Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Refers to a situation which the direct producers are separated from the means of production.

Newton

“Created” the principles of calculus, but also created the principles of Physics

John Locke

Was an english philosopher whose works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism. Inspirer of both the Enlightenment and the consitition of the US. He founded the social contract between citizens and their nation of rule.

Herman Cortes

Spanish conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire and won mexico for the crowd of spain.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Ivloved agreements between king Ferdiannd II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and king john of Portugal establishing a new demarcation line between the two crowns, running from pole to pole.

Dona Marina

mexican Native American princess, one of a group of enslaved women given as a peace offering to the spanish conquistadors. She became mistress, guide and interpreter to hernan Cortes during his conquests of mexico.

encomienda

a grant by the spanish crown to a colonist in amercia conferring the right to demand tribute and forced lavor from the inhabitants of an area.

seven years war

a war between france and great britatin that began in 1754 as a dispute over north american land claims in the region around pittsburg, conflict eventually spread, and when great britain won, in order to make back the money started inposing taxes

small pox

When europeans first landed in the americas, this disease almost entirely wiped out native americans,

conquistadors

a conquerer, espeically one of the spanish conquerors of mexico and peru in the 16th century.

FRANCISCO PIZZARO

was an explorer, soldier, and conquistador best known for conquering the Incas, and executing their leader Atahuapla.

mestizo

those of mixed european and american indian descent

viceroy

one who rules a country of privince as the representative of his sovergin or king, empowered to act in the kings name.

settler colony

were areas outside europe in which so many european immgrant voluntarily sttled that their numbers were large enough to secure their politcal dominance, even if they were in a minorty amoung the indigenous population.

mulattoes

those of mixed european and african ancestors were called this.

peninsulares

were the group of people who came directly from spain to the colonies in the americas.

zamboes

racial term used in the spanish empire to refer to people of mixed indegenous and african ancestry.

potosi

multiracial society, with native andeans, spanish settlers, and black slaves.

creoles

the term creole was used to indicate new world products derived from old world stock, and could apply to identity, architecture and food watys.

mit’a system

a colonial system in peru by which the spanish government required indiand to perform periodic forced labor, especially in the mines.

the silver trade

the first global trade network and it dominated for thousands of years. the main silver trade was between asia and europe with silver from all over the world

hacienda

similar to the fuedal system in europe, it functions by keeping the people working on the land in debt in same way or another so that they could not leave the land that they were working on.

sugar plantation

major part of the world economy, which ultmantly led to slavery in the americas due to the demand for work.

fur trade

european americans exchanged manufactured goods with native people for valuable furs.

tobacco

a plant integral to the indeginous societies of the americas. Created a large market, and thus needed more labor.

indentured servitude

a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a speicfic number of years, in exchange, would get the trip to the new world from erurope paid for.

manila galleons

brought porcelain, silk, ivory, spices, and myriad other exotic from china to mexico in exchange for new world silver.

Sunni Ali

West African monarch who initiated the imperial expansion of the western sudanese kingdowm of Songhai, his conquestion of the laeding sudanese tradigin cities establich the basis for songhais suture prosperity.

Kingdom of congo

Kongo was developed with a large commerciual network. the kingdom melted copper and gold and traded it with products such as raffia cloth and pottery, the kingdom was a superpower and center of trade routes for ivory, copper, raffia cloth, and pottery,

songhay

Dominated western sudan

antonian government

an elective constitutional monarchary with a unitary parliamentary democracy

manioc

a crop that came to africa from the americas as a result of the columbian exchange

middle passage

the shipment of enslaved people across the atlantic ocean from africa to the americas.

Olaudah Equino

abolitionist and write whose autobiography became the first internationally popular slave narritive. Expressed the firsthand testimony of the transatlantic slave trade

plantation societies

is characterized by the preponderance of agriculture focused on export crops, generally centred on sugar cane, and by a social and power structure directly organised around this dominant activity.

maroons

a naneteenth century escaped slave in the americas who established his or her own settlement away from plantations.

creole languages

varities that are based on french, such as hatian and louisiana creole.

call and response

in african culutres, call and response is a pervasive parrtern of democracy particiaption.

queen of nzinga

a resilient leader who fought against the Portuguese and their expanding slave trade in Central Africa.

Mongols

member of a central asian ethnographic group of closely related peoples

ming dynasty

the ming dynasty ruled china for around 3 cetnruesi, during which chinas poppulation doubled, also was known for its trade expansion, along with the great wall, and large naval expiditions

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qing dynasty

last of the imperial dynasties of china, its inital prosperity and tumultuous final years.

eunuchs

castrated human male

forbidden city

imperial palace and winter residence of the emperor of china in the ming dynasty

queue

chinese men were forced to wear their hair in braids called a queue as a sign of submission

qing kangxi

expanded the chinese empire, defdeated the mongols.

qingqianlong

He conducted a series of military cmapaigns that eliminated the turk and mongol threats to northeastern china, enlarged the mepire by creating the new province. Reinforced chinese authiroty in the south and east.

son of heaven

In Ming and Qing china, the idea that the emperor had heavenly powers but also an obligation to maintain order was known as “son of heaven”

scholar bureacrat

were government officials are prestigious scholars in chinese society, creating a social class distinctly.

infanticide

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genreeal term for the murder of a child ages less than a year. Used to control population in china

foot binding

Chinese custom of breaking and tightly binding the feet of young girls in order to change their shape and size.

zheng he

Zheng He was the best known of the Yongle emperor's diplomatic agents. His voyages had the effect of extending China's political sway over maritime Asia for half a century.

Treasure ships

The treasure ships carried out trade in luxury goods including silk and precious metals, as well as stimulating diplomatic relations with various African and Asian states

Shogun

Shoguns were hereditary military leaders who were technically appointed by the emperor.

Bakufu

Any of the three military governments ruling Japan during most of the period from 1192 to 1867, as opposed to the civil government under the emperor at Kyoto.

daimyoi

any of the largest and most powerful landholding magnates in japan.

shitno

religion in japan. beleifs towards nature and the recognition of a divine spirit.

samurai

soldiers who could be paid to protect things or people

dutch learning

a concerted effort by hapanese scholars during the late tokugawa period, to learn the dutch language so as to be able to learn western techonolgy.

shah jahan

emperor of the mughal empire in india, was succetion

peacock throne

famous golden throne captured from indai by the persians, a beatiful throne that represents royatly and power.

Taj Mahal

Shah jahan orederd this to be built in his name.