DRRR 11 | Q3

LESSON 7: Vulnerabilities of Different Elements Exposed to Hazards LESSON 9: Hazard and Its Types LESSON 10: Hazard: Its Impact, Identification and Risk Assessment LESSON 11: Earthquake Hazards and Risk Reduction Methods LESSON 16: Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption

Physical vulnerability

includes population density levels, place of a settlement, the site design, and materials used for infrastructure and housing

Physical vulnerability

When hazardous events occur, normally physical elements are severely damaged

Social vulnerability

happens due to inability of people, organization, and societies to prevent severe effects from hazards because of the expected behavior in social interactions, institutions, and system of cultural values.

economic status of individuals, communities, and nations.

Level of economic vulnerability is based on?

Economic Vulnerability

The poorer the country, the more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the funds or budgets to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place which protect them from being affected by disasters.

Socioeconomic Vulnerability

Social and economic vulnerability combined

Environmental Vulnerability

caused by natural resources depletion and destruction

Environment

Organisms like humans, animals, and plants are all dependent on this for survival.

deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, and kaingin

Human activities like ______, , affect the natural abilities of the environment to protect itself from any natural hazard due to absence of trees which may cause landslides and flash floods. Sometimes the effects are irreversible.

Quantifying Vulnerability

used in estimating how much mitigation and preparedness measures will be applied

Vulnerability of People

The ratio of casualties or injured to the total population.

Vulnerability of Buildings

A repair cost or degree of damage

Natural Hazards

Arise from natural processes in the environment

earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, volcanic eruptions and floods

examples of Natural Hazards

Quasi-Natural Hazards

Arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities

pollution or desertification, smog and fog

examples of Quasi-Natural Hazards

Hazards Signs and Symbols

These signs and symbols with corresponding meaning below help people to be extra cautious, aware and observant in surroundings

• Flame

• Health Hazard

• Exploding Bomb

• Skull and Crossbones

Technology or Man Made Hazards Signs and Symbols

Flame

Health Hazard

Exploding Bomb

Skull and Crossbones

• Flammable

• Self-heating

• Emits Flammable Gas

• Pyrophoric

Flame

• Reproductive toxicity

• Respiratory sensitizer

• Target organ toxicity

• Aspiration toxicity

Health Hazards

• Explosives

• Self-reactives

• Organic Peroxides

Exploding Bomb

• Fatal or Toxic

• Acute Toxicity

Skull and Crossbones

• Aquatic Toxicity

• Air Toxicity

Quasi-Natural Signs and Symbols in the environment

Aquatic Toxicity

Air Toxicity

Sound Safety Management Program

must be established to avoid injuries and unpleasant events brought about by hazards and accompanying risks

Hazard

a condition or a set of circumstances that present a potential for harm

Facilities, infrastructures

the common target of natural hazards

Biological

Chemical

Physical

Safety

Ergonomic

Psychosocial

Hazards can be classified into six types which are:

• Health Hazards

• Safety Hazards

Two broad categories of hazard

Health Hazard

can cause occupational illnesses

Safety Hazard

can cause physical harm or injuries

Risk

the potential for loss, damage or destruction a hazard

Vulnerability

the characteristics of a community or system that make it susceptible to the possible damaging effects of a hazard

• Danger to life which includes physical and psychological harm and diseases

• Denial of access like energy, water, communication and transport access

• Damage to the physical environment like buildings and land

Impacts of a Hazard

Physical, Psychological

Specific Impacts of a Hazard

Physical Impact

• Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises)

• Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation system, roads, bridges, power lines and communication lines

• Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings

Psychological Impact

• Grief and psychological illness

• Marital Conflict

• Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties

• Chronic Anxiety

Socio-Cultural Impact

• Displacement of population

• Loss of cultural identity

• Forced of adoption of new sets of culture

• Ethnic conflicts

Economic Impact

• Loss of job due to displacement 

• Loss of harvest and livestock 

• Loss of farms, fish cages and other source of food 

• Loss of money and other valuables

Environmental Impact

• Loss of forest due to forest fires 

• Loss of freshwater due to salination 

• Disturbance of biodiversity 

• Loss of natural rivers

Biological Impact

• Epidemic to people, flora and fauna

• Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents 

• Proliferation of different viral diseases

Hazard Identification

the process of determining all physical and nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment

Hazard Identification

a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact

Risk assessment

a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact

• Identify the Hazards

• Assess the Risk

• Make the Changes

• Checking the changes made

Steps in Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

• Observations

• Material Safety Data Sheets

• Hazard and Risk Surveys

• Discussion Groups

• Safety Audits

Identify the Hazards through:

Observations

use your senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch - combined with knowledge and experience

Material Safety Data Sheets

• Obtained from manufacturers and suppliers

• Gives information on possible harm from hazardous substances and precautions that need to be taken

Hazard and Risk Surveys

• interview other people about their safety concerns as far as the workplace is concerned

• Utmost consideration should be given to children or visitors who could be at risk

Discussion Groups

useful for identifying hazards and recommending solutions

Safety Audits

a committee must be assigned to periodically check safety in the area

Assess the Risk

Once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and possible severity of injury or harm will need to be assessed before determining how best to minimize the risk. High-risk hazards need to be addressed more urgently than low- risk ones

Make the Changes

These changes include removing the hazard and replacing it with something less hazardous, engineering modifications like installation of exhausts, safety barriers and safety exits, modification of procedures, etc.

Checking the changes made

• Risk assessment doesn’t end with making changes.

• It is essential that these changes made are monitored and checked. 

• It must be monitored if the changes done are being followed consistently and if these changes contribute to the improvement of safety management in the workplace.

Earthquake

poses a lot of hazards which can contribute to large economic and human losses, and represents a serious impediment to socioeconomic development, creation of jobs and availability of funds for poverty reduction initiatives

Earthquake

the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere

Fault

slippage along a break in the lithosphere

Elastic Rebound

the tendency for the deformed rock along a fault to spring back after an earthquake

Aftershock

an earthquake that occurs sometime soon after a major earthquake

Seismograph

device used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake

Earthquake Hazards

refer to earthquake agents which have the potential to cause harm to vulnerable targets which can either be humans, animals or even your environment.

Primary Effects

permanent features an earthquake can bring out

Examples are:

• Fault scarps

• Surface ruptures

• Offset of natural or human-constructed objects

Secondary effects

Happen when ground movement results to other types of destruction

Examples are:

• Landslides

• Tsunamis

• Liquefaction

• Fire

Landslides

Seismic vibration is a common triggering mechanism

Landslides

can be prevented by reinforcing slope material, modifying the pathway for surface and underwater and by putting piles and retaining walls

Tsunami

a huge sea wave triggered by a violent displacement of the ocean floor

Underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides

causes of tsunamis

Tsunami

can also overwhelm sewage systems, destroy structures and kill people

Liquefaction

Earthquake motion can turn loosely packed, water-saturated soil to liquid— "liquefaction”

Liquefaction

Caused by vibration or saturation with water which causes the soil to decrease in density

Liquefaction

Poses danger for it leads to unstable structures of buildings due to ground subsidence

• Effective recording and interpretation of ground motion

• Constructing Seismic Hazard Maps

• Developing Resistant Structures

Methods of Reducing Earthquake Risks

Effective recording and interpretation of ground motion

• This can be done by effective instrumentation in order to determine the location, strength and frequency of earthquakes.

• This assists in providing alerts and warnings especially to high-risk or vulnerable areas for preparation and emergency response.

Constructing Seismic Hazard Maps

• A seismic hazard map shows the potential hazards in a given area. In many regions in our country, seismic expectancy maps or hazard maps are now available for planning purposes. 

• It serves as basis for disaster management information like locations for evacuation and evacuation 9 routes. 

• The anticipated intensity of ground shaking is represented by a number called the peak acceleration or the peak velocity

Developing Resistant Structures

• Resistant structures are able to withstand collapse by redistributing forces caused by seismic waves through shear walls.

• Developing engineered structural designs that are able to resist the forces generated by seismic waves can be achieved either by following building codes based on hazard maps or by appropriate methods of analysis

Observed Signs That a Volcano is About to Erupt

• Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors

• Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam from white to gray due to entrained ash

• Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater

• Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion

• Localized landslides, rock falls and landslides from the summit area that are not attributed to heavy rains

• Noticeable increase in drying up of vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes

• Increase in temperature of hot springs, wells
  Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano

• Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano

• Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras (craters with sulfur gas)

• Ground Deformation

• Seismic Activity

• Gases

• Sensory Observation

Parameters used to monitor volcanoes

Ground Deformation

any surface changes on a volcano

Ground Deformation

often use of tiltmeters as well as satellite imaging which results to less exposure on the ground or safer for volcanologists

Seismic Activity

when magma rises up, it breaks rock along the way

seismometer

• Monitoring of quakes/tremors is done by usng _______ that determines which patterns of seismic waves precede an eruption

Gases

Concentrations of gases are sometimes high enough to create acid rain that kills vegetation around the volcan

• Visual

• Auditory

• Olfactory

• Tactile

Sensory Observations that a Volcano is about to erupt

Visual

intensified presence of steam; drying up of vegetation, wells/spring/lake; crater glow at the mouth of the volcano

Auditory

rumbling sounds are heard

Olfactory

observed foul smell caused by presence of volcanic gasses

Tactile

ground movement or earthquake is felt