psych all definitions

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structuralism

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used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind

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introspection

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act of looking inward to examine mental experience

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706 Terms

1

structuralism

used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind

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2

introspection

act of looking inward to examine mental experience

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3

functionalism

need to analyze the purpose of behavior

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4

psychoanalytic/dynamic approach

unconscious, childhood

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5

behavioral approach

learned, reinforced

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6

humanistic approach

free will, choice, ideal, actualization

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7

cognitive approach

perceptions, thoughts

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8

evolutionary approach

genes

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9

biological approach

brain, neurotransmitters

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10

sociocultural approach

society

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11

biopsychosocial

combination of biological, psychoanalytic, and sociocultural approaches

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12

Mary Calkins

first female president of APA

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13

Margaret Floy Washburn

1st female PhD

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14

Charles Darwin

Natural selection and evolution

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15

Dorothea Dix

reformed mental institutions in the US

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16

Stanley Hall

1st president of APA’’s 1st journal

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17

William James

father of American psychology (functionalist)

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18

Wilhelm Wundt

father of modern psychology (structuralist)

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19

basic research

purpose is to increase knowledge (commonly done on rats)

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20

applied research

purpose is to help people

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21

psychologist

research or counseling (MS or PhD)

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22

psychiatrist

prescribe medications and diagnose (MD)

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23

experiment

researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect, but is difficult to generalize

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24

independent variable

purposefully altered by research to look for effect

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25

experimental group

received the treatment

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26

control group

placebo, baseline

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27

placebo effect

shows behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received placebo

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28

dependent variable

measured variable and is dependent on the independent variable

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29

double-blind

experiment where neither the participant nor the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to (drug studies)

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30

single-blind

only participant blind and used if the experimenter can’t be blind

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31

quasi experiment

experimental design where random assignment to conditions is impossible

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32

operational definition

clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables (allows replication)

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33

confound variable

error/flaw in study

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34

random assignment

assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - increase chance of equal representations among groups

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35

random sample (selection)

method for choosing participants for your study - everyone has a chance to take part, increases generalizability

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36

representative sample

sample mimics the general population (ethnic, gender, age)

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37

stratified sampling

if you need to ensure a representative sample you can separate your population before you sample

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38

correlation

identify relationship between

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39

positive correlation

variables increase and decrease together

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40

negative correlation

as one variable increases and the other decreases

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41

3rd variable problem (confounding variable)

different variable is responsible for relationship

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42

illusory correlation

belief of correlation that doesn’t exist

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43

surveys

usually turned into correlation subject to social desirability and wording effects

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44

social desirability

people lie to look good

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45

wording effects

how you frame the question can impact your answers

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46

naturalistic observation

real world validity (observe people in their own setting) with no cause and effect

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47

case study

studies one person in great detail with no cause and effect

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48

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

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49

mean

average (use in normal distribution)

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50

median

middle number (use in skewed distribution)

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51

mode

value that occurs most often

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52

skews

created by outliers (left or right)

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53

statistical significance

results not due to chance, experimental manipulation caused the difference in means

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54

ethical guidelines

confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, deception, no harm

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55

confidentiality

names kept secret

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56

informed consent

must agree to be part of study

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57

debriefing

must be told the true purpose of the study (done after for deception)

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58

deception

if used must be warranted

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59

no harm

mentally or physically

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60

neuron

basic cell of the nervous system

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61

dendrites

receive incoming neurotransmitters

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62

soma

cell body (includes nucleus)

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63

axon

action potential travels down this

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64

myelin sheath

speeds up action potential down the axon, protects axon (MS could destroy this)

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65

terminals

release neurotransmitters (send signal onto next neuron)

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66

vesicles

sacs inside terminal contain neurotransmitters

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67

synapse

gap between neurons

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68

action potential

movement of Na and K ions across membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon (more Na outside)

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69

all or none law

stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response

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70

refractory period

neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential

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71

sensory neurons

receive sense signals

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72

afferent neurons

brain accepts signals

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73

motor neurons

signals to move

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74

efferent neurons

signals exits brain

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75

interneurons

cells in spinal cord responsible for reflex loop

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76

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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77

peripheral nervous system

the rest of the nervous system

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78

somatic nervous system

voluntary movement

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79

autonomic nervous system

involuntary movement (heart, lungs, etc)

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80

sympathetic nervous system

arouses the body fight/flight (generally activates)

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81

parasympathetic nervous system

established homeostasis after a sympathetic response (generally inhibits)

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82

neurotransmitters

chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons

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83

gaba

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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84

glutamate

major excitatory neurotransmitter

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85

dopamine

reward and movement

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86

serotonin

moods and emotions

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87

acetylcholine (ACh)

memory

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88

epinephrine and norepinephrine

sympathetic nervous arousal

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89

endorphins

pain control

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90

oxytocin

love and bonding

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91

agonist

drug that mimics a neurotransmitter

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92

antagonist

drug that blocks a neurotransmitter

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93

reuptake

unused neurotransmitters are taken back up into the sending neuron (SSRIs block reuptake)

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94

SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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95

hindbrain

oldest part of the brain

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96

cerebellum

movement/balance

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97

medulla

vital organs (heart rate, blood pressure)

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pons

basic functions (bridge between regions)

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99

reticular formation

alertness

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forebrain

higher thought processes

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