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structuralism
used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind
introspection
act of looking inward to examine mental experience
functionalism
need to analyze the purpose of behavior
psychoanalytic/dynamic approach
unconscious, childhood
behavioral approach
learned, reinforced
humanistic approach
free will, choice, ideal, actualization
cognitive approach
perceptions, thoughts
evolutionary approach
genes
biological approach
brain, neurotransmitters
sociocultural approach
society
biopsychosocial
combination of biological, psychoanalytic, and sociocultural approaches
Mary Calkins
first female president of APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
1st female PhD
Charles Darwin
Natural selection and evolution
Dorothea Dix
reformed mental institutions in the US
Stanley Hall
1st president of APA’’s 1st journal
William James
father of American psychology (functionalist)
Wilhelm Wundt
father of modern psychology (structuralist)
basic research
purpose is to increase knowledge (commonly done on rats)
applied research
purpose is to help people
psychologist
research or counseling (MS or PhD)
psychiatrist
prescribe medications and diagnose (MD)
experiment
researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect, but is difficult to generalize
independent variable
purposefully altered by research to look for effect
experimental group
received the treatment
control group
placebo, baseline
placebo effect
shows behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received placebo
dependent variable
measured variable and is dependent on the independent variable
double-blind
experiment where neither the participant nor the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to (drug studies)
single-blind
only participant blind and used if the experimenter can’t be blind
quasi experiment
experimental design where random assignment to conditions is impossible
operational definition
clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables (allows replication)
confound variable
error/flaw in study
random assignment
assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - increase chance of equal representations among groups
random sample (selection)
method for choosing participants for your study - everyone has a chance to take part, increases generalizability
representative sample
sample mimics the general population (ethnic, gender, age)
stratified sampling
if you need to ensure a representative sample you can separate your population before you sample
correlation
identify relationship between
positive correlation
variables increase and decrease together
negative correlation
as one variable increases and the other decreases
3rd variable problem (confounding variable)
different variable is responsible for relationship
illusory correlation
belief of correlation that doesn’t exist
surveys
usually turned into correlation subject to social desirability and wording effects
social desirability
people lie to look good
wording effects
how you frame the question can impact your answers
naturalistic observation
real world validity (observe people in their own setting) with no cause and effect
case study
studies one person in great detail with no cause and effect
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
mean
average (use in normal distribution)
median
middle number (use in skewed distribution)
mode
value that occurs most often
skews
created by outliers (left or right)
statistical significance
results not due to chance, experimental manipulation caused the difference in means
ethical guidelines
confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, deception, no harm
confidentiality
names kept secret
informed consent
must agree to be part of study
debriefing
must be told the true purpose of the study (done after for deception)
deception
if used must be warranted
no harm
mentally or physically
neuron
basic cell of the nervous system
dendrites
receive incoming neurotransmitters
soma
cell body (includes nucleus)
axon
action potential travels down this
myelin sheath
speeds up action potential down the axon, protects axon (MS could destroy this)
terminals
release neurotransmitters (send signal onto next neuron)
vesicles
sacs inside terminal contain neurotransmitters
synapse
gap between neurons
action potential
movement of Na and K ions across membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon (more Na outside)
all or none law
stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response
refractory period
neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential
sensory neurons
receive sense signals
afferent neurons
brain accepts signals
motor neurons
signals to move
efferent neurons
signals exits brain
interneurons
cells in spinal cord responsible for reflex loop
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
the rest of the nervous system
somatic nervous system
voluntary movement
autonomic nervous system
involuntary movement (heart, lungs, etc)
sympathetic nervous system
arouses the body fight/flight (generally activates)
parasympathetic nervous system
established homeostasis after a sympathetic response (generally inhibits)
neurotransmitters
chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons
gaba
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter
dopamine
reward and movement
serotonin
moods and emotions
acetylcholine (ACh)
memory
epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous arousal
endorphins
pain control
oxytocin
love and bonding
agonist
drug that mimics a neurotransmitter
antagonist
drug that blocks a neurotransmitter
reuptake
unused neurotransmitters are taken back up into the sending neuron (SSRIs block reuptake)
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
hindbrain
oldest part of the brain
cerebellum
movement/balance
medulla
vital organs (heart rate, blood pressure)
pons
basic functions (bridge between regions)
reticular formation
alertness
forebrain
higher thought processes