Glycolysis Study Guide

Coenzyme

electron carriers. Like enzymes, are not consumed. Need to be regenerated for reactions to continue

NAD+, NADH

Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide

FAD, FADH2

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Anaerobic vs Aerobic

Anaerobic process does not require oxygen (glycolysis)

Glycolysis Phases

• Preparation (2 ATP are invested. Glucose breaks into 2, 3carbon molecules)

• Payoff phase 1 (molecule is rearranged and ATP generated from BPG

• Payoff phase 2 (molecule is rearranged again and ATP generated from PEP

Hexokinase

• Glucose → Glucose-6-phophate

• ATP → ADP

Phosphofructokinase

• fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-biphosphate

• ATP → ADP

• RATE LIMITING STEP

BPG

• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-Bisphosphate (BPG)

• Result of NAD+ → NADH (reduced)

PEP

• 2-phosphoglycerate → Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)(High energy)

• Result from enolase (water leaving)

Pyruvate

• 2-phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) → Pyruvate

• Result from Pyruvate Kinase (ADP + H^+ →ATP)

Acetyl CoA

• Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA

• Generates 1CO2 and 1NADH

Lactate

Why muscles feel sore after rigorous exercise. Creating hypoxic conditions.

Ethanol

Baking and Alcohol

What is a coenzyme? How are they similar to protein enzymes?

• Coenzyme is an electron carrier

• Similar to protein enzyme in that they are NOT CONSUMED and need to be regenerated for reactions to continue

What are the stages of respiration?

1- Glycolysis (anaerobic) (Cytoplasm)

2- Pyruvate to Actyl Coa (Mitochondria)

3- TCA Cycle (Mitochondria)

4- Electron Transport Chain(OXPHOS) (Mitochondria)

What kind of cells undergo glycolysis?

• prokaryotic

• Archaea

• Eukaryotic

Describe the 3 phases of glycolysis

1- Preparation and cleavage

2- Oxidation and ATP generation

3- Pyruvate formation and ATP generation

How is glycolysis regulated?

Phosphofructokinase: Involved in step one. Has an allosteric regulatory site that binds ATP, which decreases enzyme activity.

What happens after glycolysis if there is oxygen (and mitochondria) present? What if oxygen is not present?

Oxygen not present → (pyruvate →acetyl CoA)

Oxygen is present → (Pyruvate is reduced → NADH is oxidized → NAD+ →coenzyme for Gly-6)