Kinesiology Final

Biceps Brachii — Origin

Short head: coracoid process of scapula; Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Biceps Brachii — Insertion

Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis

Biceps Brachii — Action

Elbow flexion, forearm supination, weak shoulder flexion

Biceps Brachii — Muscle Test

Seated or supine — resist elbow flexion; pressure toward extension and pronation

Triceps Brachii — Origin

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head: posterior humerus above radial groove; Medial head: posterior humerus below radial groove

Triceps Brachii — Insertion

Olecranon process of ulna

Triceps Brachii — Action

Elbow extension; long head assists shoulder extension and adduction

Triceps Brachii — Muscle Test

Resist elbow extension; pressure directed toward flexion

Rhomboids — Origin

Spinous processes C7-T5 and ligamentum nuchae

Rhomboids — Insertion

Medial border of scapula

Rhomboids — Action

Scapular retraction, elevation, and downward rotation of inferior angle

Rhomboids — Muscle Test

Prone; elbow fully flexed with hand on chest — resist scapular adduction and elevation; pressure on medial side of elbow

Trapezius (Middle) — Origin

Spinous processes of T1-T5 (middle fibers)

Trapezius (Middle) — Insertion

Acromion and spine of scapula

Trapezius (Middle) — Action

Scapular retraction (horizontal abduction of scapula)

Trapezius (Middle) — Muscle Test

Prone; shoulder abducted 90° with ER — resist horizontal abduction; downward force on distal wrist

Supraspinatus — Origin

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Supraspinatus — Insertion

Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Supraspinatus — Action

Initiates shoulder abduction (0-15°); compresses humeral head into glenoid fossa

Supraspinatus — Muscle Test

Sitting or standing — resist initiation of shoulder abduction; pressure on lateral arm toward adduction

Gluteus Maximus — Origin

Posterior ilium; sacrum; coccyx; sacrotuberous ligament

Gluteus Maximus — Insertion

Iliotibial band (IT band); gluteal tuberosity of femur

Gluteus Maximus — Action

Hip extension; hip external rotation; upper fibers: abduction; lower fibers: adduction

Gluteus Maximus — How to Muscle Test

Patient PRONE, knee flexed to 90°. Stabilize the pelvis. Resist HIP EXTENSION by pushing the thigh down toward the table. Grading is based on ability to hold against resistance.

Soleus — Origin

Proximal posterior surface of tibia; posterior aspect of head of fibula; soleal line

Soleus — Insertion

Calcaneus via Achilles tendon

Soleus — Action

Plantarflexion (primary); postural stabilization of ankle; venous pump in lower leg

Soleus — How to Muscle Test

Patient SEATED or prone with KNEE FLEXED to 90° (this slackens the gastrocnemius and isolates the soleus). Resist PLANTARFLEXION at the foot. Knee must stay flexed the whole time to ensure you are testing soleus and not gastroc.

Quadriceps — Insertion

tibial tuberosity

Quadriceps — Action

Knee extension (all four heads); hip flexion (rectus femoris only — bi-articular)

Quadriceps — How to Muscle Test

Patient SEATED with knee at 90° flexion over edge of table. Stabilize the thigh. Resist KNEE EXTENSION by pushing the lower leg back toward flexion. VMO (vastus medialis oblique) is specifically tested in the last 10–15° of terminal knee extension.

Quadricep — Origin

pelvis and femur

Biceps Femoris — Origin

Long head: ischial tuberosity. Short head: lateral lip of linea aspera

Biceps Femoris — Insertion

Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia

Biceps Femoris — Action

Knee flexion; lateral rotation of the knee (and slightly the hip); hip extension (long head only)

Biceps Femoris — How to Muscle Test

Patient PRONE, knee flexed to 90°. Stabilize the thigh. Resist KNEE FLEXION by pushing the lower leg toward extension. For biceps femoris specifically, EXTERNALLY ROTATE the lower leg/tibia before applying resistance (this pre-positions the lateral hamstring). Note the lateral rotation effect at the knee.

Tibialis Anterior — Origin

Lateral condyle & upper 2/3 of lateral tibial shaft; interosseous membrane

Tibialis Anterior — Insertion

Medial cuneiform; base of 1st metatarsal

Tibialis Anterior — Action

Dorsiflexion of ankle; inversion of foot; dynamically supports medial longitudinal arch

Tibialis Anterior — How to Muscle Test

Patient SUPINE or seated. Ask patient to DORSIFLEX the ankle AND INVERT the foot simultaneously (both actions together isolate tib anterior). Resist on the dorsomedial aspect of the foot pushing into plantarflexion and eversion. The tendon should be visible/palpable on the anterior medial ankle during the test.