AP human geography Unit 2

Overpopulation

When people exceed the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Ex: If a country is overpopulated, it can cause a lack of resources needed for survival.

Census

An important data source for population geography.

Important for planning and services

helps understand demographics because it provides essential data on race and sex to understand a community

Non - participation

A census may be inaccurate due to this because homeless or people living in a country illegally will not be included in the data.

Sampling

Identifies detailed characteristics of people and is useful for an accurate count.

Ecumene

A portion of Earth’s surface where people are forever settled. such as South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Physiological density

number of people per unit of farmable land

*can be used to see which countries/regions rely on farming and agriculture the most

Doubling time

The numbers of year needed to double the population assuming a constant natural rate of increase

*important to measure and plan for the future

Arithmetic density

Total number of people in a country/region divided by land area

*can be an important source for measuring the population

NIR (natural increase rate)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

*can be used to plan for the future because too more or too less people can have consequences.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of farmable land

*can be used to measure economic development.

TFR (total fertility rate)

The average number of children a woman has through her child bearing years.

*can be used to measure size of population

Demography

The spatial distribution of race, gender, health, fertility, and age.

*can be used for a census

CDR (crude death rate)

Total number of death per year for every 1000 people alive in society.

*can be used to measure life expectancy

CBR (crude birth rate)

Total number of birth per year for every 1000 people alive in society.

*Measure high and low birth rates and plan accordingly.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When the CBR declines to the point where it is equal to the CDR and the NRI is 0

Industrial revolution

A time period where farming became more efficient, Goods became cheaper, and wages increased

*important for economic growth

Medical revolution

Advancements in Medicine, such as vaccines and through technology and have diffused around the world.

*improved life expectancy.

*the cure to COVID - 19

Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

The changes of population through society from high and low CBR and CDR and high and low NRI.

*It can be helpful to understand the economic development of a country/region

*Geographers can use it to better understand what effect the population will cause

Elderly Support Ratio

The number of working age people divided by # of people 65 or older

*can be useful to understand economic development. 

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births

*can help with understanding healthcare issues

Dependancy ratio 

Numbe of people too old or too young to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.

*is helpful in understand the state of employment and economic development.

Population pyramid

A bar graph used to represent people base on their age and gender.

Boy = left side Girls = right side Base (0-4 yrs) Top (old people)

Important for planning and services if there are a lot of old people more health care if lots of young people lots of employment

Maternal Mortality Rate

total number of female deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy and childbirth complications.

Sex ratio 

The number of males for every 100 females in the population

Epidemology

The branch of science that is concerned with the distribution and control of dieseases within the population

*can help us understand how a virus is diffusing and how to stop it

*people wearing masks to try and prevent the spread of COVID-19

Pandemic

The spread of a disease over a wide geographical area, affecting a large portion of the population.

*COVID-19

Epidemiological transition

Distinctive health threats in each stage of the DMT.

*can help us understand the healthcare needs of population based on their age

Stage 1 (DMT)

CBR + CDR are very high and the NIR is nearly zero.

Stage 2 (DMT)

CBR is high, CDR is very low, and NRI high.

Stage 3

CBR starts to plummet and CDR stays low, NIR is still good but slowing down.

Stage 4

CBR + CDR are both very low and the NIR is near zero.

Stage 5

CBR drops below the CDR and NIR become NDR because population declines.

Malthus theory

The idea that the population is growing faster than our food supply.

Infectious disease

part of stage 1 and 2. *animal attacks , parasitic diseases.

Chronic disease

Heart cancer, diabetes, flu, extended life expectancy due to medical advancements. part of stage 3,4, and 5

Neo-Malthusian 

Population growth, if unchecked, will outpace resources and lead to disaster

Migration

Permanent move to a new location

*important for decreasing overpopulation

*I move to the US from India

Emigration

Leave your origon country to settle in another

*emphasized origon country

*decreases overpopulated areas

Mobility

All types of movement from one place to another.

*form of relocation diffusion

Circulation

Short term, repetitive movements, on an annual, weekly, monthly basis.

*establishes a routine

*going to the temple once a week

Net migration

the difference between the total numbers of immigrants coming into the country and the told number of emigrants leaving a country

*can be helpfulto understand economic development

Immigration 

moving into a new country 

*emphasizes the destination 

*increases population 

Postive net migration

when the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants

negative net migration

The number of emigrants exceed the number of immigrants

International migration 

Permanently moving from country to another

*moving from India to the US

*can decrease and increase population

Migration transition

Changes in society that are comparable to the DMT 

*it can be used to measured what stage a country in

also useful for measuring economic development

Forced migration

You are COMPELLED to migrate due to economic or environmental reasons.

*war

Voluntary migration

You CHOOSE to leave for economic or environmental reasons.

*job opportunities.

Internal migration

Permanent move with in a country

*moving from Illinois to Indiana for a job

Interregional

moving from one region of a country to another

*leave a rural area to move to a urban area

Intraregional migration

Movement within a region.

*Moving from the city to the suburbs to start a family.

Counterurbanization

When people immigrate into rural areas more than emigrate out of it.

*People might do so if they don’t like the rapid pace, hustle, and the noise of the city and prefer peace and quiet.

Remittance

When a portion of the money you make from working in another country is transfered to someone from the country you emigrated from.

*people do it because they are poor and need to provide

*generates money for the economy because you need to pay to transfer money

*high in South and East Asia

Intervening obstacle

When political or environemental features hinder migration.

*The Trump Adminiistration deploying ICE troops all over the country to round up and deport immigrants legal and illegal.

Desertification

Dry/Drought like conditions due to human actions.

*high in Africa, causes reliance on government and international organizations for things like water.

Floodpain

An area subject to A LOT of flooding.

*Water is up to peoples stomach when walking outside and people are driving vehicles that are halfway in the water.

*common in Jakarta

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country with hopes of being recognized as a refugee.

*can be provided with shelter, food, and water,

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Someone who has migrated for political reasons but not across international borders.

“A Ukranian stuck in the midst of the war with Russia might flee to another country in Europe

Pull Factor

Something that causes you to move to a new location.

*job opportunities

Refugee

Forced to migrate to avoid armed conflict and violence.

*Syrian refugees from the civil war.

Push factor 

Something that causes you to move out of your present location.

“lack of job opportunities and war.

Unauthorized Immigrant 

Someone who enters country without legal documents.

Quota

Maxium limit on the number of people who can immigrate to the United States in a 1 year period.

*passes by Congress to decrease population growth and decrease job competition

Brain Drain

Large scale emigration by talented/skilled people

*increases workforce productivity and economic development in destination country

Chain migration 

When someone migrates to a specific location because their relatives or people with the same nationality migrated there previously.

*these factors can help a person get settled easier and if chain migration continues for a few years in the destination country it can increase workforce productivity and economic development.

Guest worker

Someone who temporarily immigrates to a country from a poor country for job opportunities.

*common in the 1960’s and 1970’s in Germany

Circular migration

When someone leaves their country temporarily to go to their host country for work on a daily, monthly, weekly, or annual basis.

*increases workforce productivity and economic development in destenation country.