Anatomy and Physiology Midterm

to learn more about metabolic processes. What kind of catabolism occurs in the heart?

fatty acid metabolism

to view the periodic table. In the periodic table of the elements, elements in a single column have the same number of electrons that can participate in a chemical reaction. These electrons are known as "valence electrons." For example, the elements in the first column all have a single valence electron—an electron that can be "donated" in a chemical reaction with another atom. What is the meaning of a mass number shown in parentheses?

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

to observe the formation of a disaccharide. What happens when water encounters a glycosidic bond?

The water hydrolyses, or breaks, the glycosidic bond, forming two monosaccharides

to see diffusion and how it is propelled by the kinetic energy of molecules in solution. How does temperature affect diffusion rate, and why?

Higher temperatures speed up diffusion because molecules have more kinetic energy at higher temperatures.

to learn about the endomembrane system, which includes the rough and smooth ER and the Golgi body as well as lysosomes and vesicles. What is the primary role of the endomembrane system?

Processing, packaging, and moving materials manufactured by the cell

Links to an external site.

to learn about the endomembrane system, which includes the rough and smooth ER and the Golgi body as well as lysosomes and vesicles. What is the primary role of the rough ER?

aids in manufacturing proteins

to learn about DNA replication. DNA replication proceeds simultaneously at several sites on the same molecule. What separates the base pair at the start of DNA replication?

an enzyme

to learn about ribosomes. The ribosome binds to the mRNA molecule to start translation of its code into a protein. What happens to the small and large ribosomal subunits at the end of translation?

They separate and move and are free to join translation of other segments of mRNA.

Nothing happens to them

to learn about mitosis. Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells. What structures form during prophase?

the spindle

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.

structure; function

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position.

Correct answer:anatomical

A person lying on the bed and gazing at the ceiling is in the ________ position.

:supine

Lungs are to the respiratory system as the liver is to the ________ system

:digestive

The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the following except:

pelvic quadrant

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

:sagittal

The thoracic cavity contains the

pericardial and pleural cavities

The central principle of physiology is

homeostasis

If a response decreases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

negative

Electrons in an atom occupy an orderly series of electron shells or

energy levels

The smallest stable units of matter are

:atoms

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.

Protons

The nucleus of an atom consists of

protons + neutrons

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, a(n) ________ is formed.

:ionic bond

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

covalent bonds

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ bond occurs.

polar covalent

The smallest living unit within the human body is

the cell.

Most of a cell's DNA is located in its

nucleus

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except

thermal insulation

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

to find out more about the anatomy of epithelial tissues. Where in the body would one find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

:mouth

to learn more about muscle tissue. In looking through a microscope what would distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle?

:striations

to learn more about nervous tissue. What is the central portion of a nerve cell?

cell body

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

squamous

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue.

epithelial tissue

If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become

osteopenic

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

absorption and secretion

Which of the following is not an accessory structure of the integumentary system?

: dermis

The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The study of tissues is called

histology

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

bone

This tissue is used for insulation and storage of energy

adipose tissue

Plasma is the ________.

matrix of blood

The type of muscle cell under voluntary control is the ________.

skeletal muscle

Which type of epithelial cell is found in glands?

cuboidal

The cell found in bone that makes the bone is called an ________.

osteoblast

Which type of connective tissue has a mineralized matrix?

bone

Why are intercalated discs essential to the function of cardiac muscle?

The discs ensure that all the cardiac muscle cells beat as a single unit. They allow electrical coupling.

An involuntary muscle can be found in the following:

visceral muscle

Which type of epithelial cell is found in the urinary bladder?

transitional

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus is the

cell body

Which type of connective tissue has the most fibers?

fibrous connective tissues

What is the basic functions of the epidermis?

:protection

The skin consists of two layers and a closely associated layer

:support and flexibility

The skin consists of two layers and a closely associated layer

:insulation and padding

Which of the following is not a function of skin?

vitamin C synthesis

The youngest cells would be found in the stratum _____.

basale

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed.

The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The _____ separates the epidermis from the dermis.

basement membrane

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

synthesis of vitamin C.

Which of following is not an accessory structure of the integumentary system?

dermis

Thin skin lacks which layer?

lucidum

Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin?

subcutaeneous layer is between the dermis and epidermis

dermis contains smooth muscle and nerve tissue

to review the two processes that give rise to the bones of the skull and body. What is the mechanism by which long bones form?

cartilage ossifies

On average, how many bones does an adult skeleton have?

206

Most hematopoietic tissue is found in _____ tissue.

Bone

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

:all of the answers are correct

The axial skeleton includes the

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

Which of the following bones does not belong to the lower extremities?

humerus

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

long

The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

sesamoid

The center of each osteon contains the _____.

Haversian canal

The long shaft of a bone such as the femur is called its ______.

diaphysis

Which of the following bones does not belong to the axial skeleton?

scapula

This muscle would generally be a short muscle.

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Arrange the following steps for contraction in the correct sequence.

1. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released.

2. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments.

3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites.

4. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules.

5. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts.

6. Tropomyosin molecules bind to exposed active sites, linking actin and myosin

4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5

Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle?

all of the answers are correct

produce movement,

maintain posture,

guard body entrances and exits,

This type of muscle would have 2 origins.

biceps

Which of the following types of muscle are found in the stomach or blood vessels?

smooth

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the

epimysium.

Which of the following muscles would be located in the thigh area?

biceps femoris

A group of skeletal muscle fibers is called a/an _____

fascicle

A(n) ________ is a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement.

prime mover

Which molecule is produced during exercise, resulting in the oxygen debt?

lactate

The neurons are dynamic cells with the ability to make a vast number of connections and to respond incredibly quickly to stimuli and to initiate movements based on those stimuli. They are the focus of intense research as failures in physiology can lead to devastating illnesses. Why are neurons only found in animals?

animals are large and mobile

(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurotrans) to learn about the release of a neurotransmitter. The action potential reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, and a chemical signal is released to tell the target cell to do something, either initiate a new action potential, or to suppress that activity. In a very short space, the electrical signal of the action potential is changed into the chemical signal of a neurotransmitter, and then back to electrical changes in the target cell membrane. What is the importance of voltage-gated calcium channels in the release of neurotransmitters?

calcium can enter the axon

Compared with the nearest evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee, the human has a brain that is huge. At a point in the past, a common ancestor gave rise to the two species of humans and chimpanzees. That evolutionary history is long and is still an area of intense study. But something happened to increase the size of the human brain relative to the chimpanzee. According to one hypothesis about the expansion of brain size, what tissue might have been sacrificed so energy was available to grow our larger brain?

muscle tissue

The lumbar puncture is a medical procedure used to sample the CSF. Because of the anatomy of the CNS, it is a relative safe location to insert a needle. Why is the lumbar puncture performed in the lower lumbar area of the vertebral column?

:the spinal cord ends in teh upper portion of the lumbar vertebrae

(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/newreflex) to learn more about newborn reflexes. Newborns have a set of reflexes that are expected to have been crucial to survival before the modern age. These reflexes disappear as the baby grows, as some of them may be unnecessary as they age. The video demonstrates a reflex called the Babinski reflex, in which the foot flexes dorsally and the toes splay out when the sole of the foot is lightly scratched. This is normal for newborns, but it is a sign of reduced myelination of the spinal tract in adults. Why would this reflex be a problem for an adult?

effect balance of walking

The most common neurotransmitter in the body is _____.

acetylcholine

The threshold potential of a neuron is ______mV.

-55

The brain stem includes all of the following except the ____

cerebral cortex

Sensory adaptation occurs when stimuli become _____.

gradually ignored

A single contraction of a muscle is called a ______.

twitch

The chemical that crosses a neuromuscular gap is _____.

neurotransmitter

The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the

cerebellum

The spinal cord has

all of the above

31 segments.

a cervical and lumbar enlargement.

a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter

two deep longitudinal grooves.,

The following are true of the cerebellum except which one?

controls involuntary movements

The resting potential of a neuron is _____mV.

-70