Science

Electromagnetic Waves

The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays, each with unique applications and effects on living organisms.

Dualistic Nature of Light

Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, known as the wave-particle duality, explained by quantum theory. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Image Formation in Mirrors & Lenses

Images can be formed through reflection in mirrors and refraction in lenses, and can be categorized as large/small, upright/inverted, real/virtual, and on the same/opposite side as the object. Ray diagrams aid in understanding image formation. Mirror and magnification equations help solve problems in optical systems.

Electromagnetic Induction

Materials with magnetic properties produce magnetic fields. Faraday's law states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor, while Lenz's law states that the induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux. Electromagnetic induction is used in power generation, transformers, and electronic devices. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, while generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.