patho exam 2

What are the primary determinants of systemic blood pressure?

The determinants are cardiac output (CO) and resistance to the ejection of blood from the heart.

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

CO = stroke volume (SV) X heart rate (HR).

What is the range for stage I hypertension?

Stage I hypertension is defined as a blood pressure range of 140-159 / 90-99.

Name a nonmodifiable risk factor for hypertension (HTN).

Increasing age or family history.

What are some effects of hypertension on the heart and arteries?

Hypertension can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy, stable angina, and heart attacks.

What is the main goal of treating hypertension?

To reduce morbidity and mortality related to heart, brain, and kidney diseases.

What types of medication are thiazide diuretics?

They increase urine output, reducing blood volume to lower blood pressure.

What causes cardiac ischemia?

Cardiac ischemia occurs when the heart's demand for oxygenated blood exceeds its supply, often due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries.

What are common symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI)?

Chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, lightheadedness, and pain radiating to the arms, back, neck, or jaw.

What is a key biomarker for myocardial injury?

Troponin is the most sensitive and specific biomarker for myocardial injury.

What is the difference between forwards and backward heart failure?

Forward failure involves inadequate blood supply to tissues, while backward failure leads to blood backing up into veins and lungs.

What are the treatments for atrial fibrillation?

Medications, cardioversion, or ablation.

What are two types of diuretics used to treat hypertension?

Loop diuretics and potassium-sparing diuretics.

What is a hallmark sign of asthma?

Wheezing is a common clinical manifestation of asthma.

What is the main goal of treatment for chronic bronchitis?

Symptom management is the primary goal of treatment.

What condition is characterized by inflammation due to viral infections, commonly RSV?

Bronchiolitis is caused by viral infections like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, affecting chloride transport.