Social Science Section I: Post-War America: The Dawn of a New Era (ACADEC '25-'26)
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What would prove a pivotal year in 20th-century history, both for the United States and the world?
1919
What are the estimated total casualties of World War I?
Over 37 million
What is World War I’s over 37 million deaths split between?
Combat deaths, soldiers missing in action, and wounded
What did 1919 open to?
The Spanish flu
How many people did the Spanish flu afflict?
1 in 5 humans alive
How many deaths worldwide did the Spanish flu cause?
20 million
Where did the Spanish flu originate?
United States
When did one of the earliest outbreaks of Spanish flu occur?
Spring of 1918
Where did one of the earliest outbreaks of Spanish flu occur?
An induction and training camp in Manhattan, Kansas
How many people were gathered at the induction and training camp in Manhattan, Kansas?
50,000 American troops
How many American people died to the Spanish flu?
Nearly 700,000 American lives
How many times more were American soldiers killed by Spanish flu than killed in WWI?
14 times more
What happened on the home front in 1919?
A wave of labor unrest crash across the United States
What further gripped the nation and spurred a government crackdown of unprecedented proportions on the American home front?
A series of dynamite bombings targeting political figures
What exposed the shortcomings of American democracy on the home front?
Racial violence
Who proclaimed victory for world democracy in the Great War?
President Woodrow Wilson
What was a defining year for Wilson’s presidency and his legacy?
1919
Where did Woodrow Wilson arrive on December 16, 1918?
Paris
When did Woodrow Wilson arrive in Paris to great fanfare?
December 16, 1918
What did Woodrow Wilson and the First Lady ride in through Paris?
A horse-drawn carriage through the wide boulevards, past buildings decorated with American flags, floral wreaths, and a banner that read “Vive Wilson”
Where were the peace negotiations set to begin after WWI?
The Palace of Versailles
What year were peace negotiations set to begin after WWI?
January 1919
Who said “Never, had a philosopher held such weapons wherewith to bind the Princes of the word”?
British economist John Maynard Keynes
What was Woodrow Wilson’s former profession?
A former Princeton professor
What slogan did Wilson win the 1916 election on?
“He Kept Us Out of War”
What was Wilson’s exhortation for Americans?
To remain “impartial in thought as well as in action”
What boat did British ship did Germany sink?
The Lusitania
What kind of ship was the Lusitania?
British merchant ship
How many people died from the sinking of the Lusitania?
More than 100 Americans
When was the sinking of the Lusitania?
1915
When was the revelation of the secret telegram between Germany and Mexico?
1917
What did Germany propose to Mexico in 1917?
An alliance
What placed enormous pressure on Wilson to respond to WWI?
Sinking of the Lusitania and the proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico
What hospital ward were soldiers sick with Spanish flu?
Camp Funston in Fort Riley, Kansas
When did Wilson lead the U.S. to war?
Spring of 1917
What did Wilson say as he lead his nation to war?
“The world must be made safe for democracy”
How many U.S. troops played a decisive role in turning the tide for the Allied Powers
Over 1 million U.S. troops
What offensive led to the declaration of an armistice in WWI?
Meuse-Argonne offensive
When was the Meuse-Argonne offensive?
November 11, 1918
How many doughboys lost their lives in WWI?
50,300 American doughboys
How many doughboys fell in the Meuse-Argonne offensive?
26,277 fell
What reputation did Wilson earn as President?
Being an effective and forward-looking reformer who skillfully steered progressive legislation through Congress
What did Wilson show little interest in as Commander-in-Chief?
Little interest in the military prosecution of the conflict
What general did Wilson leave military prosecution to?
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
Who was Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe?
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
What was Wilson intent on shaping as an ardent idealist?
Shaping the new world order to reflect American democratic values and his own internationalist vision
When did Wilson announce his Fourteen Points?
January of 1918
What did Wilson’s Fourteen Points include?
Endorsement of self-determination for small nations, freedom of the seas, free trade, and an end to the secret alliances and shadowy diplomacy
What did the final item of the Fourteen Points call for?
A “general association of nations”
What was the most important item of the Fourteen Points to Wilson
The general association of nations
What did Wilson make his top priority as he entered the WWI negotiations?
The establishment of the League of Nations
How was Wilson’s 14 points shared to millions of listeners?
A network of radio transmitters in North and Central America
Who was the first leader in history to address the “world” in real-time?
Woodrow Wilson
Who was French Prime Minister at the end of WWI?
Georges Clemenceau
Who was British Prime Minister at the end of WWI?
David Lloyd George
Who had little patience for Wilson’s high-minded idealism?
Georges Clemenceau and David Lloyd George
How many men did France lose in WWI?
1,385,300 men
How many men did Britain lose in WWI?
900,000 soldiers
What plans did Woodrow Wilson want that would overturn and democratize the prewar order?
“Peace Without Victory”
What was Germany ordered to do as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?
Forfeit its colonial holdings, drastically cut its armed forces, yield rich industrial territories to France, and pay war reparations set at a sum of $21 billion
What did Wilson refuse to compromise on in the Treaty of Versailles?
The League of Nations
What did Wilson’s persistence result in the inclusion in?
A Covenant for the League of Nations
How many articles were included in the Covenant for the League of Nations?
26 articles
What did the League of Nations pledge to do?
“Promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”
When was the Versailles Paris treaty signed?
June 28, 1919
What challenge did Wilson turn to after the Versailles Paris Treaty?
Selling the treaty and the League of Nations to the American public and a hostile, Republican-controlled Congress
What posed as an obstacle for Woodrow Wilson?
He’d fallen ill with Spanish flu, so he had to leave meetings in order to recuperate
What did Woodrow Wilson suffer along with the Spanish flu?
A minor stroke
What persisted in Wilson after his return from Paris?
Debilitating headaches and bouts of aphasia
What amount of people needed to support the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations for it to be ratified?
Support of 2/3rds
Wilson’s efforts to protect the League of Nations in Paris depended on what?
Navigating the political vicissitudes of Washington and the Republican-controlled Senate
Who was the Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s Republican chairman and de facto majority leader of the Senate?
Henry Cabot Lodge
Who was a friend and close political ally of Henry Cabot Lodge?
Theodore Roosevelt
As early as what month did Lodge line up “Reservationists”?
March 1919
How many Reservationists did Henry Cabot Lodge line up?
39 Senators
What are Reservationists?
Senators who vowed to vote against the League without significant reservations, or amendments
Who was photographed at the Paris Peace Conference?
David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.
When did Woodrow Wilson wave his top hat from the deck of the USS George Washington?
July 8, 1919
When was the photograph of Henry Cabot Lodge taken?
1916
Where did Lodge focus his fiercest criticism on the League’s charter?
Article X
What did Article X affirm?
That “Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League”
What did Article X represent to Lodge and an increasing number of Americans?
A dangerous incursion on American sovereignty and an unwelcome restraint of American power
Who are the “Irreconcilables”?
People who declared total, unqualified opposition to the Treaty and the League
Who is a famous Irreconcilable?
Isolationist Republican Senator William E. Borah of Idaho
Who said: “Once having surrendered and become part of European concerns, where, my friends, are you going to stop?”
William E. Borah
Where did Wilson face the political fallout because of his decision to exclude Republicans from American peace delegation?
Capitol Hill
Did Wilson make an effort to win over or find middle ground with Republican leaders?
No, he made little effort
What did Wilson draw upon in order to tar the treaty’s critics as unpatriotic?
The wellspring of wartime nationalism
When did Wilson submit the final version of the Treaty of Versailles?
July 10, 1919
Who said: “Dare we reject it and break the heart of the world?”
Woodrow Wilson
How many amendments did Lodge draft after Wilson personally submitted the final version of the Treaty of Versailles?
42 Amendments
When did Wilson embark on a cross-country speaking tour?
September 3, 1919
How long was Wilson’s cross-country speaking tour?
9,981 miles
Where did Wilson’s cross-country speaking tour begin?
Columbus, Ohio
What did Wilson take across his cross-country speaking tour?
A private railcar called The Mayflower
How often did The Mayflower take Wilson to a new city?
Each day over a three-week period
Where did Wilson cross before heading to the Pacific Northwest and California?
The Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains
Where did Wilson go after traveling through the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains
Pacific Northwest and California
How did Wilson often deliver his speeches while on tour?
In large outdoor venues with no means to amplify his voice
How many people did Wilson attract in San Francisco while on tour?
12,000-seat auditorium