Dr. Yard Final Exam Review ALL CHAPTERS 19-27

Nervous and endocrine systems do what together?

Monitor and adjust physiological activities

What does the endocrine system include?

all endocrine cells and tissues of the body

What are the four groups of hormone's? Based on chemical structure.

Amino acid derivatives

peptide hormone's

steroid hormone's

Eicosanoids

What does the Hypothalamus produce?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

What does the Pineal gland produce?

Melatonin

What does the Pituitary (Anterior Lobe) Produce?

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Growth Hormone (GH)

Pro Lactin (PRL)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

What does the Pituitary (Posterior Lobe) Produce?

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

What does the Parathyroid produce?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What does the Thyroid gland produce?

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Calcitonin

What does the Heart produce?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (hormone—ANP)

Brain natriuretic peptide (hormone—BNP)

What does the Thymus produce?

Thymosin's

What do the Kidneys produce?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Calcitriol

What do the Adipose tissue produce?

Leptin

Resistin

What do the Pancreatic Islets produce?

insulin and glucagon

What do gonads produce?

gametes and sex hormones

What do the male gonads (testes) produce?

Androgens (testosterone), Inhibin

What do the female gonads (ovary) produce?

Estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

What do the suprarenal gland (medulla) produce?

Epinephrine (E)

Norepinephrine (NE)

What do the suprarenal gland (Cortex) produce?

Cortisol

corticosterone

aldosterone

androgens

What bone is the sella turcica a part of?

Sphenoid bone

Oxytocin grows during?

Sexual activity

What is the master gland of the pituitary?

Anterior Lobe (Pars distalis)

Pars intermedia function

Growth, protein synthesis, catabolism

oxytocin effects

contractions of ductus deferens (male) and prostate land; ejection of secretions (ejaculation)

What does the Posterior lobe do?

Stores ADH and Oxytocin

What does the thyroid gland do?

Controls metabolism

produces thyroxine

produces triiodothyronine

involved in calcium homeostasis (calcitonin)

What does the Thyroid do?

Stores its hormones extracellularly in a colloid

Where is the Parathyroid located?

Beck of the thyroid gland

What does the parathyroid do?

glandular cells produce parathyroid hormone

essential to calcium homeostasis

where is the thymus?

above the heart

What does the thymus do?

Secretes many chemicals that help t-cells of the immune system develop

Produces thymosin

Atrophies (shrinks) as one ages

Where are the suprarenal glands?

on top of the kidneys

what does the suprarenal medulla do?

chromaffin produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

How does the Suprarenal medulla affect the body?

Increased cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown

What is calcitriol?

steroid hormone

What do both the heart and kidneys do?

Both produce hormones involved with the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume

Alpha cell

glucagon

beta cell

Insulin

Delta cell

somatostatin

F Cells

pancreatic polypeptide

Where is the pancreas located?

below the stomach

What is the pineal gland apart of?

epithalamus

What do pinealocytes synthesize?

melatonin

What does melatonin do?

Slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs

Production rate rises at night and declines during the day

Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue that?

Distributes, Carries, Transports, Maintains

What does blood distribute

nutrients, oxygen, hormones

What does blood carry?

Metabolic wastes to the kidneys

What does blood transport?

oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products

What does blood maintain?

homeostasis

Blood and Lymph are both?

fluid Connective Tissue

Blood matrix =

Plasma

All Lymphocytes are?

leukocytes

Not all leukocytes are

lymphocytes

Plasma is a?

Liquid matrix; contains dissolved proteins

What are formed blood elements?

Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma

What do RBCs do?

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

What do WBCs do?

Support the Immune system

What do Platelets do?

help blood clot

Hypovolemic

low blood volume

normovolemic

normal blood volume

Hypervolemic

excessive blood volumes

What are the organic waste proteins in plasma?

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen

What does albumin do?

Major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma: transports some lipids

What do globulins do?

transports lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and complement

What does fribrinogen do?

essential component of clotting system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin

Red blood cells are red because of?

hemoglobin

Red blood cells do not contain?

nucleus and other organelles

White Blood Cell non pathogenic order

N(Neutrophils) L(Lymphocytes) M(monocytes) E(eosinophils) B(basophils)

2 multiple choice options

What are monocytes and lymphocytes?

agranulocytes

What are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

granulocytes

What is the shape of a red blood cells?

Bi-concave disc

What is chemotaxis?

The attraction to specific chemicals

What is diapedesis

The ability to move through vessel walls

Platelets are released into the blood by?

megakaryocytes

What does the Pulmonary Circuit do?

carries carbon dioxide-rich blood from the heart to the lungs and back

Only veins enter the ____?

Atria

Only Arteries enter the ____?

Ventricles

What is the Systemic circuit?

Transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rst of the body and back

Right and Left ______ collect blood returning to heart

Atria

Right and left _____ discharge blood into the vessels to leave the heart

Ventricles

The _______ is the serious membrane lining the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart

Pericardium

The __________ _________ covers the hearts outer surface

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

The _________ ________ lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac

Parietal Pericardium

The right blue side is

deoxygenated

The left red side is

oxygenated

What are the three distinct layers of the heart?

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Epicardium

outer layer of the heart

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Endocardium

inner lining of the heart

What features does cardiac muscles have?

Intercalated discs, striations, mono or bi nucleated

What three deoxygenated vessels enter the right atrium?

Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

The base of the heart is _____ to the apex

superior

What are in the pulmonary circuit

Right atrium and right ventricle

What are in the systemic circuit?

left atrium and left ventricle

What valve is in the right atrium?

tricuspid valve

What valves are in the right ventricle?

tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve

What valve is in the left atrium?

mitral valve

What valve is in the left ventricle?

Mitral valve.

The Trabeculae cornea is the _______ _____ of the heart

Meaty net

In the papillary muscles the chordae tendineae go to the?

Atrioventricular valves