Cell Biology-AP Bio Full Set Diagram | Quizlet

Selective Permeability

Allows some substances to cross more easily than others

phospholipid bilayer

a double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma membranes

Integral Membrane Proteins

Proteins that extend through the phospholipid bilayer. Has regions that are both polar and non polar (ampipathic)

Peripheral Proteins

A protein loosely attached to the surface of a membrane

Glycoproteins

proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

cholesterol

steroid present in the plasma membranes of animal cells. A large amount of this in a phospholipid bilayer at High Temperatures reduces membrane fluidity, but at Lower Temperature prevents the membrane from solidifying.

Concentration Gradient

a difference in the concentration of a substance across a space

Diffusion

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, so that they spread out evenly reaching equilibrium

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Transport Proteins

proteins that help to transport substances across cell membranes

Aquaporins

Channel proteins that help massive amount of water pass through the membrane; a lot in our kidneys

Passive Transport

movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy

Isotonic

a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell; the cell will not change

Hypertonic

the solution with the greater concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; the cell will lose water to its environment--> Cell will shrivel up

Hypotonic

the solution with the lower concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; water will enter the cell -> Cell will swell and burst

Osmoregulation

The control of water balance

Turgid

Very firm (healthy state), especially for plant cells

Plasmolysis

As a plant cell shrivels its plasma membrane pulls away from the wall

Facilitated Diffusion

passive transport of ions or polar molecules across a plasma membrane by transport proteins

Active Transport

transport of a substance through a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires energy

Sodium-Potassium Pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Exocytosis

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material by vesicles

Endocytosis

the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle

Pinocytosis

cellular drinking

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Taking in large amount of specific substances by binding to receptors, which form vesicles and are then taken in by the cell

osmotic pressure

The force required to resist the movement of water by osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the concentration of a solution. A solution that is highly concentrated has a strong tendency to draw water into itself, so the pressure required to resist that movement would be high. Thus, highly concentrated solutions are said to have high osmotic pressures.

water potential

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

water potential equation

water potential = solute potential + pressure potential

solute potential

This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.

solute potential equation

Ψs = -iCRT

pressure potential

This measurement has a minimum value of 0 (when the solution is open to the environment); it increases as pressure increases.

Cell Theory

all cells are cells/made up of cells

all cells come from cells

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another (ex. difference in concentration on the inside of a cell versus the outside)

Basic Cell feature

plasma/cell membrane-phospholipid bilyaer

liquid layer-cytosol/cytoplasm

chromosomes (genetic material)

ribosomes

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

Prokaryotic Cells

no membrane around nucleus

no membrane bound organelles

nulceoid

cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

cotransporter

protein that moves two or more molecules through a cell membrane by secondary active transport

Nucleoid

area of any cell where DNA chills

Prokaryotic features

cell wall without cellulose

sometimes have an outer capsule

ribosomes

nucleoid

may be moble with flagella

Eukaryotic Features

DNA in nucleus bounded by membrane nuclear envelope

organelles membrane bound

Larger

TERM

Plasma/Cell Membrane

DEFINITION

selectibe barrier allows certain amount of oxygen, nutrients, and waste in and out

double layer of phospholipids

Surface Area and Volume

surface area increases squared while volume increased cubed (volume increases faster than surface area)

Cell size is limited by

surface area because the cytoplasm needs to be near the plasma membrane for diffusion

Flagellum

single tail that causes motion and direction parallel to length

TERM

Smooth ER

DEFINITION

does lipid synthesis

metabolizes carbs

detoxifies drugs and poisons

stores calcium ions

TERM

Rough ER

DEFINITION

when protein released into lumen of space in Rough ER

chaperons and ribosomes control folding and it gives protein environment to develop

TERM

Nucleolus

DEFINITION

area in nucleus where DNA is that makes ribosomes

appears through EM

area of densely stained granules and fibers

adjoining part of chromatin

TERM

Ribosomes

DEFINITION

where mRNA goes into cytoplasm attracts ribomsomes

makes proteins

produced as 2 different subunits that come together at mRNA

TERM

Golgi Apparatus

DEFINITION

shipping and receiving center, looks like ER, notifies proteins of ER, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles, manufactures certain macro molecules, consists of membranes

TERM

Mitochondrion

DEFINITION

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Contains DNA. Where ATP synthesis takes place

Plant Cells

have cell walls, chloroplast, plasmodesmata, central vacuole, multi-cellular, auto-trophic, make sugar using sunlight

Nucleus

where most DNA in Eukaryotic Cells is located

the control center of the cell

Free Ribosomes

not bound to ER

proteins produced here usually stay in cell

attached ribosomes

bound to ER

proteins that are produced here usually secreted

secretes glycoproteins, protein movement because of transport vesicles, it is a membrane factory

Vesicle

small compartments that move things around

small organelle that contains and transports materials (like proteins) within the cytoplasm.

Trans Face

shipping side of Golgi

Lysosomes

Golgi produces it

An organelle containing digestive enzymes (hydrolytic)

Acidic inside (low pH)

Abundant in cells like white blood cells

housekeeper, gets rid of old organelles

Transport Vesicle

can stay in cell and become lysosome or merge with membrane to release contents outside

Phagocytosis

some cells can engulf food particles then lysosomes merge with food vacuoles and break it down. Not possible if cell wall present.

Vacuoles

other compartments not as directed as vesicles

diverse maintenance compartments

large vesicles from ER and Golgi

selective in transporting solutes

Central Vacuole

it is in a plant, fills up with water to get bigger, helps maintain turgor pressure

Mitochondria

in most eukaryotic cells

cellular respiration

enveloped by double membrane

has free ribosomes and circular DNA

can reproduce on own

Endosymbiosis Theory

Eukaryotic came about from prokaryotic living inside another prokaryotic

inside gets safe place host gets a cell good a making energy

chloroplasts made the same way as Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

capture light energy, contains DNA

has three chemical environments

1. stroma

2. between bilayers

3.thylakoid

Chlorophyll

pigment that captures light energy and changes it into chemical energy

Peroxisomes

oxidation organelle bounded by a single membrane

produces hydrogen peroxide by combining hydrogen with oxygen; hydrogen peroxide eventually gets turned into water

Cytoskeleton

network of fibers in cytoplasm

protection from compression

support

many organelles are bound to it

organizes cell

motility-reacts with motor proteins like Dynien an Actin

Track along which motor proteins move

microtubule

Microtubules

hollow made of tublin protein

easily assembled and disassembled

biggest fiber

protection of crushing, compressing

very important in shaping cell in animal cells

guide movement of organelles and vesicle help with movement of cilia and flagella

centrosome

where centrioles are located in a non cell division

has triplets of microtubules around a hollow center

located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus

the microtubule organizing center

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

protists have it

Microfilaments

solid rods smallest of cytoskeleton

made up of Actin

Changes in cell shape

cell motility

muscle contractions

keeps microvilli in shape

cahnges in shape of myosin causes filaments to move

extracellular matrix (ECM)

The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells.

Cell Wall

primary cell was is made first

secondary cell wall made last and is inner wall

Organelles

membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells can be seen with LM

examples of prokaryotes

bacteria and Archea

Examples of eukaryotes

protists, animal, plant, fungi

Cytoplasm

interior of cell region between nucleus and plasma membrane in Eukarotic

Plasma Membrane

functions as selective barrier that allows passages of enough oxygen nutrients and wastes to serve the cell

Microvilli

increase surface area without increasing volume

Nuclear Envelope

encloses nucleus seperating its contents from cytoplasm, double membrane lipid bilyaer with proteins

has pore structures

Endomembrane System

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in cell

includes nuclear envelope ER Golgi lysosomes vesicles, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum

extensive network of memranes

Functions of Smooth ER

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification and storage of calcium ions

(oils phospholipids steroids)

Functions of Rough ER

glycoproteins are proteins that have carbs covalently bonded to them most common secretory proteins

Cis Face

near ER transport vesicles move materials into this place

Number of Mitochondria correlates to...

cells level of metabolic activity

Mitochondrial Matrix

enclosed by inner membrane contains different enzymes mitochondrian DNA and Ribosomes as well as enzymes

Centrosomes

in animal cells microtubule grow out of it, near nucleus considered microtubule organization center

compression resisting

Centrioles

composed of nine sets of triplet microtubles in a ring

ampipathic

a chemical having both polar and

nonpolar parts

9 + 2 arrangement

major portion of each flagellum and motile cilium contains 9 pairs of microtubules that form a circle around 2 lone microtubules in eukaryotes. Associated with eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia

Diffusion of ions

- uses a concentration gradient (chemical), and/or an electrical gradient

- produced by a difference in charge between two adjacent areas

- ions will be attracted to opposite charge

- electrochemical gradient

nuclear lamina

A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane