Health 100 Exam 1 @JMU

Health (Pre 1960s)

The absence of disease

Health (WHO)

A complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. -- World Health Organization

Infectious Diseases

Conditions caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi can be spread directly or indirectly by others.

Chronic Illness

A disease that develops slowly progresses and persists; can be treated, but not cured.

Morbidity

Diseases

Mortality

Deaths

Morbidity Rate

Relative incidence of diseases

Mortality Rate

Relative incidence of death

Medical Model

Model of Health

More about treating individuals

Older

Public Health Model

Model of Health

Larger scale, the environment, populations

More Recent

Disease Prevention

Actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick.

Health Promotion

Supports (educational, organizational, social, etc.) that behavior and promote positive change

Health Promotion (WHO)

"The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range."

10 Great Public Health Achievements

- vaccines

- motor vehicle safety

- safer workplaces

- control of infectious diseases

- safer and healthier foods

- healthier mothers and babies

- family planning

- fluoridation of drinking water

- Tobacco as a health hazard

- Reduced deaths from heart attack and stroke

Health

the ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in all dimensions of health

Wellness

the achievement of the highest level of health possible

Dimensions

- physical

- social

- emotional

- spiritual

- intellectual

- environmental

- occupational

all are interrelated "holistic"

5 Behaviors Affect Health

- poor diet

- lack of exercise

- excessive alcohol use

- tobacco use

- body weight/ composition

Leading cause of death 18-24

unintentional injury

Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

1960s

Pyramid with 5 levels of achievement

top is self actualization

bottom is survival

Daniel Goleman

1990s, expanded intelligence from only IQ and coined phrase "emotional intelligence"

qualities such as self-awareness, self-discipline, persistence, and empathy, are more important than IQ and can be learned

Psychological Health

- mental

- emotional

- social

- spiritual

Factors that influence psychological health

- family

- social support

- community

- self- efficacy (can do a specific task)

- self-esteem*

- personality

- maturity through the lifespan

Can you have too much self confidence?

Yes, entitlement

Victimology

it's always someone/somethings elses fault, vicim, external, external locus of control

Learned Optimism

making an intentional, internal locus of control

Locus of Control

the extent to which individuals believe they can control what happens to them

Rationalization

trying to justify it, different explanation, victimology

defense mechanism

Repression

can't remember something traumatic, blacking it out

defense mechanism

Denial

"it's not a problem," substance abuse

defense mechanism

Displacement

take out your feelings (anger) on someone/something else

defense mechanism

Passive Agressive behavior

not confronting the issue, letting them know implicitly

defense mechanism

Humor

putting a funny spin on a bad situation

defense mechanism

Defense Mechanisms

-repression

-rationalization

-denial

-displacement

-passive aggressive behavior

-humor

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how the brain and behavior affect the body's immune system, mind body connection

P.E.R.M.A.

Martin Seligman

Positive emotions

Engagement

Relationships

Meaning (in life)

Achievement

Martin Seligman

Coined phrase "positive psychology"

P.E.R.M.A.

Mental Illnesses

disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, behaviors, and cause varying degrees of illness

Historically treating mental illness were about

gaining control rather than getting better

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

1949, formed to conduct research on the mind, brain, behaviors

Causes of Mental Illness is what?

Multifactoral

Multifactorial

-genetic

-cultural

-infectious

-psychoactive

-social

-biology

-environmental

-drug use

Diagnosing Mental Illnesses

is complex

based on levels of impairment

uses the DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

manual to help diagnose mental illnesses and also includes addictions, dependancies, spectrums and provides statistics, get's regularly updated (currently on the DSM-5),in order to be diagnosed you have to meet set requirements

Chemicals in the brain that effect neurotransmitters

1. Serotonin

2. Dopemine

Serotonin

mood chemical in brain that effects neurotransmitters

used for anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, and anti-anxiety

Dopemine

pleasure and reward chemical in the brain effect neurotransmitters used for anti-psychotics

When are brains finished developing?

Mid twenties

Teenage brains

growth spurt in frontal cortex which makes

"executive functions" of planning or organizing

How many US adults have some sort of metal illness?

20%

How many will experience depression at some point?

50%

Health benefits of Sleep

health and quality of life

immune system

How many hours of sleep?

7-8 hours, both too much and too little sleep is bad

Sleep Deprivation

not getting enough sleep to the point that function is decreased

impaired physical, emotional, cognitive function

Sleep inertia

groggy, disoriented, cognitive issues

Severe Sleep Deprivation

(-19-24 hours of sleep) worse than 0.10% BAC

Circadian Rhythm

pattern of wakefulness and sleep

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

internal biological clock

2 stages of sleep

NREM and REM

Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)

deep sleep, restful, slow wave sleep transfers short term memories, connection with exercise, restorative

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

dream sleep, not deep sleep, eyes moving around, rapid brain waves. REM time doubles each cycle

4 Stages of NREM

1. 0-10 minutes relaxed wakefulness

2. 10-20 minute movement slows/stops

3. (& 4). 20-40 minutes deep non dream sleep, slow waves.

Types of sleep disorders

Dyssomnias and parasominas

Dyssomnia

a classification of sleep disorders where its difficult to fall or stay asleep for whatever reason

Insomnia

dyssomnia

effects 30-40%

30+ minutes to fall asleep and/or

awakens 5+ times a night

Sleep Apnea

dyssomnia

periods of non breathing (60-90 seconds) while asleep

2 types: obstructive -- somethings in the way (often fat)

central -- it's yo weird brain

Narcolepsy

dyssomnia

Brain unable to regulate sleep/wake cycle times,

sleeps at unplanned times

drugs are the solution

Restless Legs Syndrom

dyssomnia and neurological disorder

discomfort in legs causes twitching in legs = no sleep

Parasomnia

abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep.

Sexsomnia

parasomnia

trying to have sex without knowing it completely asleep

Sleepwalkers

parasomnia

paralysis doesn't kick in, walking while asleep

Nocturnal Eating disorders

eating while totally asleep

Dust mites

100,000-10 million per mattress

allergens harm sleep quality

Bedbugs

bite skin, can be seen, can be anywhere

Driving while drowsy

don't do that

100,000 accidents per year

4.2% self report

1550 deaths, more injuries

microsleep = 3-4 seconds =1 football fields

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

executive function attention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness

Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

attention, concentration

Dyslexia

having trouble reading despite normal intelligence, sounding out words etc.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

General terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors.

Mood Disorders

split into depressive and bipolar disorders

20 million people

Major Depressive Disorder

mood disorder

clinical or major depression

sad, hopeless, no motivation +/- sleep, +/- eating, suicide, self harm, etc.

treatments: anti-depressants, counciling

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

mood disorder

lack of light in winter makes people sad/depressed

Dysthymic Disorder

mood disorder

a mild but long term form of depression

Bipolar Disorder

has 2 phases: manic and depressive states A.K.A. Manic Depression

treatments: Meds (lithium, anti-depressants, neuroseptics, anti-convulsants, anti-psychotics

Anxiety Disorders

20%, most common

causes: trauma, experiences, genetics, unknown

treatments: anti-anxiety meds, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, etc.

General Anxiety Disorder

severe ongoing anxiety that effects doing daily activities

Panic Disorder

debilitating anxiety comes without cause, panic attacks, heart and respiratory freak outs, fear of panic attack creates more panic attacks,

Phobic Disorders

debilitating extreme fears become overwhelming phobias, both specific (snakes, spiders, heights) and social (crowds, public speaking, lines)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions)

DSM-5 includes hoarding, hair pulling, dysmorphia under this category

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

delayed reactions to a traumatic event

wide ranges of symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety

20% veterans self report (70,000)

treatments: therapy (EDR), anti-depressants

Personality Disorders

an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of the individuals culture and is pervasive and inflexible

Paranoid Personality Disorder

personality disorder

pervasive unfounded suspicion and mistrust of other people, irrational jealousy, and secretive

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

personality disorder

an exaggerated sense of self importance, and self absorption, preoccupied with how wonderful they are

Anti Social Personality Disorder

personality disorder

longterm pattern of manipulation and taking advantage of others, often in a criminal manner, symptoms include disregard of safety of others and lack of remorse, arrogance, and anger

men outnumber women, hardest to treat

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

personality disorder

characterized by impulsiveness,and risky behaviors such as gambling, unsafe sex, use of illicit drugs,and daredevil driving

sufferers have unstable moods and erratic mood swings, reality distortions,and the tendency to see things in black and white terms,

self harm

Psychotic Disorders

a mental disorder characterized by a break from reality (psychosis)

Self Inflicted Injuries

self harm - intentional injury to own body

depression, anxiety, schizophrenia,abuse victims

younger women usually

cutting, burning, branding, hair pullings

Suicide

12.6/100,000 deaths

more women try, more mean succeed (4x)

age 15-19 3rd leading cause of death

ages 19-24 2nd leading cause of death

college age people, less life experiences, bullying victims

Schizophrenia

psychotic disorder, 1%

people interpret reality in abnormal ways, can include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts, inappropriate emotions (or none), deteriorating daily functions

treatments: counciling, medications (anti-anxiety, anti-depressants, anti-psychotics)

Stressor

stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism. An event that triggers the stress response may include: environmental stressors (hypo or hyper-thermic temperatures, elevated sound levels, over-illumination, overcrowding)