Final Exam Review: Pathophysiology II

Flashcards developed from lecture notes covering key concepts in pathophysiology related to gastrointestinal function, liver disease, endocrine processes, and neurological functions.

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility

The movement of food through the digestive tract, influenced by the autonomic nervous system.

Pepsinogen

An inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells in the gastric glands that is converted to pepsin, which digests proteins.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone secreted by the intestinal epithelium that stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder.

Hepatocellular failure

A condition where liver cells fail to perform their functions, leading to symptoms like jaundice and hypoalbuminemia.

Lactose intolerance

An inability to digest lactose due to a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, leading to osmotic diarrhea.

Down-regulation

A decrease in the number of receptors or sensitivity of receptors after prolonged exposure to a hormone.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

An autoimmune disease that results in destruction of β-cells in the pancreas, causing absolute insulin deficiency.

Neural thread proteins

Proteins that are markers for neurodegeneration, often associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Cataract

Opacification of the lens of the eye, which scatters light and affects vision.

Insulin independent glucose transporter

Transporter (e.g., GLUT 1) that allows glucose to enter cells without the need for insulin.