UBC BIOL 203 Eukaryotic Microbiology pre midterm 1

Polyphyletic

A group of organisms without a common ancester

monophyletic

A group of organisms with a common ancester

Carl Woes

Scientist who discovered that prokariotes were actually 2 separate groups: Archaea and Bacteria. Discovered this by analyzing rRNA.

protist

Eukaryote that is not a plant animal or fungi.

Bacteria Traits

binary fission

operons

70s ribosome

peptidoglycan wall (gram-/+)

circular genome

no membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote Traits

nucleus

mitochondria+chloroplast/pastid

membrane bound organells (er, golgi...)

nucleosomes

80s ribosome

spliceosomal introns

cytoskeloton

EM system

Archaea lack

Peptidoglycan wall

membrane lipid made of fatty acid

-no bilayer, just long tail that binds to another backbone

Archaea have

TATA boxes

rotary flagela

alpha protobacteria

Organism mitochondria evolved from

cyanobacteria

organism that plasters derived from

Anerobe

Organism that can't be exposed to oxygen

microaerophile

can handle small amounts of oxygen

tetrakont

has 4 flagella ex) diplomonads

costa

motile organelle found in some parabasalia that acts as a muscle and is directly under the undulating membrane

Archezoa groups

Diplomonad,oxymonad, parabasalia, archeameobae, microsporidea

Archezoa hypothesis

5 lineages of archezoa branched off the main tree of eukaryotes before the endosymbiosis of alpha protobacteria. Implies that archezoa are ancestrally Amitochondrial. proposed by Tom cavalier-smith (UBC).

-proved incorrect. Looked at the tubular in deepest branch microsporidea and found that it is more closely related to fungi.

Diplomonads (archezoa)

mostly parasitic

well known species is giardia-beaver fever

are tetrakonts

3 flagella the front one to the back

have 2 nuclei

Has mitosome

Parabasalia (archezoa)

Parasites

ex) trichomonus

has undulating membrane, axostyle, costa

Possesses hydrogenosome

axostyle

band of microtubules that folds around the nucleus and down the cell.

Can be contractile or skeletal.

Hydrogenosome

-2 membrane organelle derived from mitochondria.

-no genome

-does Fe-s cluster synthesis

-energy metabolism

Fe-S cluster synthesis

A sub function of mitochondria. coordinates Fe and S as prosthetics in metabolism reactions

Oxymonad (archezoa)

Worst studied group

mostly termite symbiont

have 4 flagella

axostyle

mitosome

Mitochondria derived organelle in diplomonads

has no energy metabolism

only has fe-s cluster assembly

Protein targeting to mitochondria

-Transit peptide on N terminus of mitochondrial protein

-gets recognized by TOM- protein is unfolded and pulled into the inter membrane space

-TIM plus the protein into the matrix, Transit peptide is cleaved

2ndary endosymbiosis of green algae

happened independently 2 times to form chlororarachnophyts(nucleomorph 4 membrane) and euglenoids (3 membrane)

endosymbiosis of red algae happened once

cryptophyte- 4membrane nucleomorph

haptophyte- 4 membrane connecter to nucleus

stramenophile-4 membrane connected to nucleus

apicomplexon- 4 membrane

-dinoflagelete- 3 membrane