All Geology 209 questions given to us at the end of the slides

The type of uranium deposit found in the Athabasca basin in northern Saskatchewan is:

unconformity type

What mineral deposit type is most likely to form in a tectonic setting where oceanic lithosphere is subducting beneath continental lithosphere?

porphyry copper

Coal, petroleum and natural gas are all derived from:

partially decomposed organic matter

If temperatures and pressures are high enough, oil is broken down into:

natural gas

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) refers to:

none of the above

Current level of CO2 in atmosphere

426 ppm

The alignment of platy and elongated minerals caused by differential stress results in a metamorphic texture called

Foliation

If a limestone is metamorphosed at high P and T, after millions of years it will have transformed into

marble

What type of metamorphism occurs when a rock is heated up by nearby magma?

contact

Metamorphism occurs at pressures and temperatures higher than __________, but lower than conditions that cause__________.

at the Earth's surface, melting

Which of the following includes all Paleozoic periods in the proper order from oldest to youngest (left to right)?

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of ancient life. Some fossils are preserved by permineralization which means

the filling of pore space in wood or bone by a mineral

The first type of seismic wave to reach a recording station following an earthquake is called a_____________

P-wave

Which of the following statements is true of alpha radioactive decay?

It emits two protons and two neutrons from an atom nucleus

The End Permian Mass Extinction took place about __________ million years ago.

252

Oxygen was added to Earth's early atmosphere by:

photosynthesis from plants

The type of fold that has its concave side facing upward is a:

anticline

What kind of fault is shown in the figure? (this is a side view)

normal fault

In the figure (this is a side view), block #2 is the:

foot wall

The term "Science" comes from the Latin scientia, which means "having _____________"

knowledge

TRUE or FALSE: A hypothesis is a tentative explanation based on experimental data, whereas a theory has survived repeated testing and examination and still holds up.

True

Which of the following is an objective statement?

I observed that it snowed in Calgary on Sunday

What are the periods of the Mesozoic era?

Cretaceous, jurassic, triassic

Using the photo above, list the events below in the correct order from oldest to youngest:
a) rock at the top was formed
b) rock at the bottom was formed
c) rock at the bottom was tilted to vertical
d) geologist visits the site

BCAD

Which kind of plate boundary is associated with earthquake activity?

all of the above

What is the approximate velocity of the average-moving tectonic plates on Earth?

same as my fingernail

At which kind of plate boundary is the new oceanic lithosphere formed?

Oceanic divergent boundary

The term "subduction" means:

when one tectonic plate is forced downwards into the mantle due to density differences

What is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust?

oxygen

Micas have _______ plane(s) of cleavage.

1

_________is the least dependable characteristic for mineral identification.

color

Ruby and sapphire are gem names for red and blue varieties of the mineral_______________.

corundum

What is a rock?

Natural occurring substance that is composed of different minerals such as silica and oxygen.

Name the three main categories of rocks

sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic

What does intrusive mean?

rock formed under the Earth's surface. They are also called plutonic rocks and show large interlocking crystals because of the slow cooling process

what does extrusive mean?

rock formed at the Earth's surface. They are also called volcanic rocks as the process involves magma erupting at the surface through volcanoes. The grains are fine and glassy in texture due to rapid cooling.

What are 3 factors that can cause melting of rock?

An increase in temperature, decrease in pressure, or the addition of volatile compounds such as H₂O

What does the term porphyritic mean?

means igneous rocks with both large and small minerals caused by two different rates of cooling. This happens when a rock is in the magma chamber, then suddenly erupts.

What is a batholith?

describe a large mass or chain of many plutons and intrusive rocks.

What rock name would you call a felsic volcanic rock?

rhyolite

What rock name would you call a mafic plutonic rock?

gabbro

Which of the following best describes a phaneritic felsic plutonic igneous rock?

a granite with abundant orthoclase feldspar and quartz

The major difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is:

how fast they solidify

A volcanic igneous rock is also called _________________ rock.

extrusive

Rhyolitic volcanoes are very explosive and can produce deadly pyroclastic flows. Why don't we ever hear about deadly pyroclastic eruptions in beautiful Hawaii?

Hawaiian volcanoes are basaltic, not rhyolitic

What are the special properties of water?

oxygen is covalently bonded with two hydrogens at 105 degree angle, which gives it molecular polarity, allowing it to stick to other substances: adhesion, and also be attracted to itself: cohesion. It is also the universal solvent and is densest in its liquid form at 4°C

What is the relationship between weathering rates and Bowen's reaction series?

Minerals at the top of the Bowen series crystallize under high temperatures and pressures & chemically weathers at a faster rate. This means the lower minerals are in Bowen's Reaction Series, the more resistant they are to chemical weathering. E.g. Quartz, a felsic mineral that crystallizes at 700°C, is resistant to chemical weathering.

Why are nitrogen fixing bacteria so important in soils?

because they process the nitrogen in the atmosphere that can't be used into something that is usable

Chemical weathering is favored by _____________ climates.

tropical

The compound__________________ combines with water to form natural carbonic acid that breaks down minerals in both silicate rocks and carbonate rocks.

carbon dioxide

Sedimentary rocks cover approximately ________ of the Earth's surface.

75%

The rock that is formed by lithification of angular coarse-grained sediments that are > 2 mm in diameter is called:

breccia

coarse fragments of wave-broken reef material can be found in

the forreef

what happens to water when it freezes in cracks in rocks

it expands, thus why it is found on top of lakes in winter

Blueberries hematite (was on a previous exam )

form in presence of liquid water