Cosmetology Final Study Guide (Use This One)

(Vocab) Bacteria

One-celled microorganisms that have both plant and animal characteristics. Some are harmful; some are harmless.

Binary Fission

The division of bacteria cells into two new cells called daughter cells. (MITOSIS)

Bioburden

The number of viable organisms in or on an object or surface or the organic material on a surface or object before decontamination or sterilization 

Microorganism

Any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size

Parasites

Organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism (referred to as the host), while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism. Parasites must have a host to survive.

Pathogenic

Harmful microorganisms that can cause disease or infection in humans when they invade the body

Spirilla

Spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria that cause diseases such as syphilis and Lyme disease

Non pathogenic

Harmless microorganisms that may perform useful functions and are safe to come in contact with since they do not cause disease or harm

Bacilli

Short rod-shaped bacteria. They are the most common bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria.

Cocci

Round-shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups. The three types of cocci are staphylococci, streptococci, and diplococci

Acquired immunity

Immunity that the body develops after overcoming a disease, through inoculation (such as flu vaccinations), or through exposure to natural allergens, such as pollen, cat dander, and ragweed

Contagious disease

Also known as communicable disease; disease that is spread from one person to another person. Some of the more contagious diseases are the common cold, ringworm, conjunctivitis (pinkeye), viral infections, and natural nail or toe and foot infections

Immunity

The ability of the body to destroy and resist infection. Immunity against disease can be either natural or acquired and is a sign of good health

Infection

The invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogens

Local infection

An infection, such as a pimple or abscess, that is confined to a particular part of the body and appears as a lesion containing pus

Natural immunity

Immunity that is partly inherited and partly developed through healthy living

Parasitic disease

Disease caused by parasites, such as lice and mites

Inflammation

A condition in which the body reacts to injury , irritation, or infection; characterized by redness, heat, pain & swelling

Antiseptics

Chemical germicides formulated for use on skin; registered and regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Clean (cleaning)

A mechanical process (scrubbing) using soap and water or detergent and water to remove all visible dirt, debris, and many disease-causing germs.

Disinfectants

Chemical products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces

Disinfection (disinfecting)

A chemical process that uses specific products to destroy harmful organisms (except bacterial spores) on environmental surfaces

Infection control

are the methods used to eliminate or reduce the transmission of infectious organisms

Sterilization

The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores

Universal precautions

A set of guidelines published by OSHA that require the employer and the employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are infectious for bloodborne pathogens

(Bacteriology) COSMETOLOGISTS ARE REQUIRED TO PRACTICE SANITATION AND DECONTAMINATION FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS:

TO PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR CLIENTS FROM THE SPREAD OF DISEASES

STATE BOARD AND HEALTH OFFICIALS REQUIRE BUSINESSES THAT SERVE THE PUBLIC PRACTICE STRICT SANITARY PRECAUTIONS AND FAILURE TO DO SO COULD RESULT IN LOSS OF LICENSE AND HEAVY FINES

BACTERIOLOGY

STUDY OF MINUTE ONE CELLED MICROORGANISMS WITH PLANT AND ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS.

 BACTERIA ARE FOUND

ALMOST EVERYWHERE BUT ARE ESPECIALLY NUMEROUS IN DIRTY, DAMP, DARK, AND DUSTY PLACES

TYPES OF BACTERIA- 

MAJORITY- NON PATHOGENIC, HARMLESS, EVEN HELPFUL

MINORITY- PATHOGENIC, DISEASE PRODUCING

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BACTERIA-

COCCI- ROUND SHAPED BACTERIA

BACILLI- ROD SHAPED BACTERIA

SPIRILLA- CORKSCREW SHAPED BACTERIA

MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA

BACTERIA MOVE IN DIFFERENT WAYS

COCCI- MUST BE TRANSPORTED

BACILLI OR SPIRILLA- USE FLAGELLA OR CILIA, TINY HAIRLIKE PROJECTIONS THAT WHIP AROUND AND PROPEL BACTERIA IN LIQUID

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION-

BACTERIA CONSIST OF AN OUTER WALL AND INNER PROTOPLASM, WHICH MANUFACTURES THE BACTERIAS FOOD FROM ITS OWN ENVIROMENT. BACTERIA GIVE OFF WASTE PRODUCTS, GROW AND REPRODUCE.

THERE ARE TWO PHASES IN THE LIFE OF BACTERIA:

ACTIVE (VEGETATIVE)-BACTERIA GROW AND REPRODUCE.THEY WILL GROW TO THEIR MAXIMUM SIZE AND THEN SPLIT IN HALF FORMING TWO DAUGHTER CELLS, THIS IS A PROCESS CALLED BINARY FISSION.

INACTIVE (SPORE-FORMING)-BACTERIA WILL FORM A TOUGH OUTER COVERING WHEN CONDITIONS ARE NOT FAVORABLE, ALLOWING THEM TO WITHSTAND PERIODS OF FAMINE, DRYNESS AND UNSUITABLE TEMPERATURES. IN THIS STAGE THEY WILL HAVE NO REACTION TO DISINFECTANTS, HEAT, OR COLD. IT WILL CHANGE BACK TO THE ACTIVE STAGE WHEN THE RIGHT CONDITIONS EXIST AGAIN. DURING THIS TIME THEY CAN ONLY BE DESTROYED BY STERILIZATION.

IMMUNITY-

THE BODYS ABILITY TO FIGHT INFECTION.

THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF IMMUNITY:

NATURAL IMMUNITY- NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DISEASE, PARTLY INHERITED AND PARTLY DEVELOPED THROUGH HYGEINIC LIVING.

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-DEVELOPED AFTER OVERCOMING THE DISEASE OR THROUGH INNOCULATION (VACCINATION)

IDecontamination and Infection Control) CLIENTS DEPEND ON YOU

TO PROVIDE A SAFE SALON ENVIROMENT AND TO PROTECT THEM FROM THE SPREAD OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

CONTAMINATION IS

ESSENTIALLY WHEN A SURFACE OR OBJECT IS NOT FREE FROM CONTAMINANTS. MOST CONTAMINANTS ARE NOT VISIBLE.

DECONTAMINATION IS

THE PROCESS OF REMOVING OR SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF PATHOGENS FROM SURFACES OR OBJECTS. 

THERE ARE THREE LEVELS OF DECONTAMINATION.

STERILIZATION- HIGHEST LEVEL AND MOST EFFECTIVE FORM OF DECONTAMINATION- EXAMPLES WOULD BE BOILING AND BAKING. KILLS ALL PATHOGENS, EVEN SPORES. THIS LEVEL IS NOT PRACTICAL FOR USE IN THE SALON AND IS USED MOSTLY BY DENTISTS AND DOCTORS.

DISINFECTION-MIDDLE LEVEL AND AN EFFECTIVE FORM OF DECONTAMINATION- DESTROYS ALL PATHOGENS EXCEPT FOR SPORES. EXAMPLES ARE QUATS, PHENOLS, ALCOHOL AND BLEACH. 

ANTISEPTICS- ARE NOT CONSIDERED DISINFECTANTS HOWEVER THEY WILL KILL SOME PATHOGENS AND THEY CAN BE USED ON THE SKIN WHERE DISINFECTANTS MAY NEVER BE USED ON THE SKIN.

SANITATION- LOWEST LEVEL AND USED IN THE SALON AS WELL AS A PREREQUISITE TO DISINFECTION. EXAMPLES ARE REMOVING HAIR FROM A COMB, WASHING TOWELS IN THE WASHING MACHINE, USING SOAP AND WATER TO CLEAN OBJECTS AND SURFACES.

ALL DISINFECTANTS

MUST BE APPROVED BY THE ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. IN EACH STATE THE LABEL OF THE DISINFECTANT WILL HAVE THE E.P.A. REGISTRATION, INGREDIENTS, AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. LOOK FOR THIS TO ENSURE THE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DISINFECTANT.

AN M*SDS ( MATERIAL* SAFETY DATA SHEET) CAN BE OBTAINED BY THE DISTRIBUTOR OF EACH INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT. AN MSDS SHEET CONTAINS ALL THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION-

1. IDENTITY OF CHEMICALS PRESENTING PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL HAZARDS

2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

3. PHYSICAL HAZARDS

4. HEALTH HAZARDS

5. PRIMARY ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO THE BODY

6. PERMISSABLE EXPOSURE LIMITS

7. CARCINOGEN HAZARD OF THE CHEMICAL

8. PRECAUTIONS AND HANDLING PROCEDURES

9. CONTROL AND PROTECTION MEASURES

10. EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURE

11. PREPARATION DATE

12. WRITER

TO GET AN MSDS

YOUR SUPPLIER SHOULD BE ABLE TO GET YOU ONE OR GIVE YOU THE INFORMATION ON HOW TO OBTAIN ONE. 

O.S.H.A. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION.  

KEY FUNCTIONS- 

1. REGULATE EMPLOYEES EXPOSURE TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES

2. INFORM EMPLOYEES OF THE DANGERS OF MATERIALS USED IN WORKPLACE

OSHA IS IMPORTANT TO THE COSMETOLOGIST BECAUSE WE WORK WITH DANGEROUS CHEMICALS AND HAVE A RIGHT TO KNOW WHAT IS IN THE PRODUCTS WE USE.

PROPER USE OF DISINFECTANTS:

ALL TOOLS SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY WASHED (SANITIZED) BEFORE IMMERSING IN DISINFECTANTS. ALL SURFACES SHOULD BE SANITIZED WITH PROPER CLEANING AGENT AND THEN SPRAYED WITH A DISINFECTANT.WAIT 10 MINUTES AND THEN WIPE DRY. REAPPLY DISINFECTANT AND THEN ALLOW TO AIR DRY. 

DON’T FORGET TO DISINFECT

MIXING UTENSILS, COMBS, BRUSHES, PINS, CLIPS, CURLERS, HAIRDRYERS, DIRTY FANS AND HUMIDIFIERS.

WET SANITIZERS SHOULD BE CHANGED

DAILY OR ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURERS DIRECTIONS. 

TO PROPERLY STORE IMPLEMENTS AFTER DISINFECTION,

PUT THEM IN A DRY DISINFECTED COVERED CONTAINER.

(Trichology) Full grown human hair is divided into two parts:

1. Hair root- part of the hair strand located beneath the surface

2. Hair shaft- part of the hair strand that extends beyond the scalp

Structures of the hair root:

• Follicle- tubelike depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root.

• Bulb- thickened club shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root. fits over the papilla.

• Papilla- small cone shaped elevation located at the base of the follicle- fits into the hair bulb and contains blood and nerve supply 

• Arrector pili- small involuntary muscle fiber located at the base of each follicle, fear or cold cause it to contract, gives goosebumps.

• Sebaceous glands- oil glands of the skin connected to the follicles

Structures of the hair shaft:

• Cuticle- outermost layer of hair, consists of a single layer of overlapping transparent scale like cells. 

• Cortex- middle layer of hair, contains melanin pigment, accounts for 90% of the volume of the hair, all chemical changes to hair take place in the cortex layer.

• Medulla- innermost layer of hair, also called the pith or marrow

Hair pigment:

All natural hair color is the result of the pigment located in the cortex.

Melanin

 tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair 

1. Eumelanin- provides brown and black color to hair

2. Pheomelanin- provides natural hair colors from red and ginger to yellow/blonde tones.

Hair analysis:

• Hair Texture- refers to the thickness or thinness of each individual hair strand. 

• Hair Density- measures the number of hair strands in a square inch of scalp. It is classified as low, medium, or high.

• Hair Porosity-ability of the hair to absorb moisture, it is directly related to the condition of the hair cuticle.

• Hair Elasticity- ability of hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking. 

Growth patterns:

1. Hair stream- Hair that slopes in the same direction as in your natural part

2. Whorl- hair that is formed in a circular pattern such as in the crown

3. Cowlick- a tuft of hair that sticks straight up often found along the hairline

Hair Growth:

Two main types of hair found on the body:

1. Vellus ( lanugo)- fine downy hair found all over the body except the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet. no pigment

1. Terminal hair- hair on the arms, legs, head and face of people . has a pigment, is longer and thicker than vellus/lanugo hair

Growth cycles of hair: 

Hair goes through a cycle of growth, fall and replacement. On average the entire growth cycle lasts approximately 4-5 years.

Anagen – growth phase, new hair is produced. About 90% of hair is in this phase at one time. Lasts from 3-5 years, sometimes as long as 10

Catagen – transition phase, brief transition period between growth and resting phases, during this time the follicle canal shrinks and detaches from the dermal papilla. Less than 1% of hair is in this phase at one time. Lasts 1-2 weeks

Telogen- resting phase, final phase in the hair cycle, lasts until the hair is shed. Hair either is shed during the telogen phase or it remains in place until the next anagen phase, when the new hair pushes it out. About 10% of hair is in the telogen phase at one time. This resting period lasts between 3-6 months.