Unit 4 (+acid and bases for mem)

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

HNO₃

Nitric acid

H₂SO₄

sulfuric acid

-COOH

Carboxylic acid

H₂CO₃

Carbonic acid

CO₂ (aq)

carbon dioxide, carbonic acid

H₃PO₄

Phosphoric acid

NH₃

Ammonia

Ba(OH)₂

Barium Hydroxide

Strong acid

HCl, HNO3, H2SO4

Weak Acid

carboxylic acid, H2CO3, CO2, H3PO4

Strong Base

Group 1 metal - hydroxide, Ba(OH)2

Weak Base

NH3, any amine (-NH2)

Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

Alcohol

Aldehyde

Ketone

carboxylic acid

Haloaklane

Ester

Amine

Amide

Isomer

substance with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement in space

Stereoisomers

molecules with same molecular and structural formula but arrangement is different

Geometric isomers

double bonds present that change direction of chain (trans = changed direction, cis = same side)

Optical isomers

mirror images of one another, not superimposable

Chiral

when carbon has four different things attached (achiral when not 4 different things)

Alkene → alkane

Reacts with: H2

Condition: Heat and metal catalyst

Reduction reaction

Alkene → haloalkane

Reacts with: HX (hydrogen halide)

Condition: heat under reflux

Addition reaction

Alkene → dihaloalkane

Reacts with: X2

Condition: heat under reflux

Addition reaction

Alkene → Alcohol

Reacts with: H2O

Condition: heat, strong acid catalyst (H2SO4)

Addition reaction

Alkene → polyalkene

Condition: Pressure, heat

Alkane → Haloalkane

Reacts with: X2 (diatomic halogen)

Condition: UV light

Substitution reaction

HX byproduct

Haloalkene 1 → haloalkane 2

Reacts with: X^- (ionic halogen that is more electronegative)

Condition: Ethanol mixing

substitution reaction

X^- byproduct

Haloalkene → dihaloalkane

Reacts with: X2 (diatomic halogen)

Condition: UV light

Substitution reaction

HX byproduct

Haloalkene → alcohol

Reacts with: low concentration of NaOH

Condition: heat

substitution reaction

NaX byproduct

Haloalkene → Alkene

Reacts with: high conc of NaOH

Condition: heat

elimination reaction

HX and NaOH byproduct

Primary alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid

Condition: Dichromate (Cr₂O₇^2-) or manganate (MnO₄^-), H+, O2

Oxidation reaction

Secondary alcohol → ketone

Condition: Dichromate (Cr₂O₇^2-) or manganate (MnO₄^-)

Oxidation reaction

Carboxylic acid → ester

Reacts with: alcohol

Condition: heat, H+

Condensation reaction

Byproduct H2O

Carboxylic acid → amide

Reacts with: amine

Condition: heat under reflux

condensation reaction

Haloalkane → amine

Reacts with: NH3 (ammonia)

Condition: heat, ethanol

Substitution reaction

HX byproduct

Saturation test

Add Bromine water (Br2) to solution, orange —> clear means alkene, no change means alkane