Skeletal System

The human skeleton is divided into two main parts: the __________ Skeleton and the __________ Skeleton.

Axial, Appendicular

The Axial Skeleton consists of __________ bones.

80

The __________ consists of bones of the limbs and girdles and has __________ bones.

Appendicular Skeleton, 126

The skull contains __________ bones, which include __________ cranial bones and __________ facial bones.

22, 8, 14

The vertebral column consists of __________ bones including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

26

The __________ is responsible for supporting the tongue and does not articulate with other bones.

Hyoid Bone

The thoracic cage contains __________ bones including __________ ribs and _________ sternum.

25, 24, 1

The __________ girdle consists of __________ clavicles and __________ scapulae.

Pectoral, 2, 2

Each upper limb contains __________ bones.

30

In the upper limb, the __________ is located in the upper arm, while the __________ and __________ are located in the forearm.

Humerus, Radius, Ulna

The pelvic girdle is made up of __________ hip bones, also known as __________ bones.

2, Coxal

Each lower limb also contains __________ bones.

30

Muscles contract to produce movement at joints and are attached to bones by __________.

Tendons

__________ are responsible for bone formation while __________ are responsible for bone resorption.

Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts

The __________ cavity is the hollow space inside the diaphysis of long bones containing bone marrow.

Medullary

The outer fibrous layer covering the bone is known as the __________.

Periosteum

Bone is primarily composed of __________ matrix, collagen fibers, and mineralized components.

Extracellular

The __________ is the rounded end of a long bone.

Epiphysis

__________ joints are freely movable and have a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Synovial

The knee joint is an example of a __________ joint, allowing movement in one plane: flexion and extension.

Hinge

The shoulder joint is an example of a __________ joint, enabling a full range of motion including rotation.

Ball-and-Socket

__________ joints allow movement in two planes and are exemplified by the wrist joint.

Condyloid

__________ is a semi-rigid connective tissue providing flexible support and reducing friction in joints.

Cartilage

____________ cartilage is the most common type and provides smooth articular surfaces in joints.

Hyaline

Bone marrow produces blood cells through the process of __________.

Hematopoiesis

__________ bone is lighter and less dense, found in the ends of long bones.

Spongy

The __________ connects the spine to the pelvis and is formed by fused sacral vertebrae.

Sacrum

Calcium is stored primarily in the __________, which serves as a reservoir for this mineral.

Bones

The __________ hormone regulates calcium balance by stimulating osteoclast activity in the bones.

Parathyroid

Fibrous joints generally provide __________ with little or no movement.

Stability

The __________ of the vertebrae allows flexibility and supports the weight of the body.

Vertebral Column

__________ is characterized by limited movement and includes synchondroses and symphyses.

Cartilaginous Joints

Calcium absorption in the intestines is enhanced by __________, which is activated by PTH.

Vitamin D

__________ is a degenerative joint disease that affects the cartilage and underlying bone, typically involving weight-bearing joints.

Osteoarthritis

In __________, the immune system causes inflammation in the joints, notably affecting small joints symmetrically.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Gout is characterized by the accumulation of __________ crystals in the joints.

Uric Acid

__________ are the fundamental units of compact bone responsible for its strength.

Osteons

Fractures involving the growth plate are classified as __________ by the Salter-Harris system.

Growth Plate Fractures

Type __________ fractures are the most common and involve the metaphysis but spare the epiphysis.

II

Type __________ fractures disturb all components of the bone including epiphysis, metaphysis, and physis.

IV

Non-weight bearing exercises help prevent __________, especially in older adults.

Osteoporosis

The __________ bone disease results in soft bones due to inadequate calcification, specifically from vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomalacia

____________ is characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, often associated with aging.

Kyphosis

The __________ is a type of joint characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine and can be idiopathic.

Scoliosis

__________ describes the inward curvature of the lumbar spine, often related to obesity or pregnancy.

Lordosis

What is the role of RANKL in bone metabolism?

Regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation.

Excess __________ in the bloodstream can lead to bone resorption due to increased osteoclast activity.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

The tissue that connects bone to bone is known as __________.

Ligament

__________ can lead to decreased flexibility and mobility as one ages due to muscle mass loss.

Aging

What is the primary function of bones in the human body?

Support and protection of vital organs.

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Compact bone and spongy bone.

What is the process by which bone forms called?

Ossification.

What is hematopoiesis?

The process of blood cell formation.

What is the name of the cells responsible for bone resorption?

Osteoclasts.

What is the name for the soft tissue found in the medullary cavity of bones?

Bone marrow.

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Ball-and-socket joint.

What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

What type of bone is primarily found in the extremities?

Long bones.

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating bone growth?

Growth hormone.

What is the primary mineral found in bone?

Calcium.

What is synovial fluid?

A liquid that lubricates joints.

What is the largest bone in the human body?

Femur.

What kind of joint allows for rotational movement?

Pivot joint.

Which type of cartilage provides support and flexibility in the joints?

Elastic cartilage.

What is a common test used to assess bone density?

DEXA scan.

What condition is characterized by thinning bones and increased fracture risk?

Osteoporosis.

What is the role of vitamin C in bone health?

Collagen synthesis in bone.

What type of cartilage connects ribs to the sternum?

Hyaline cartilage.

What portion of the vertebral column is located in the neck?

Cervical vertebrae.

How many vertebrae are in the human vertebral column?

33 vertebrae.

What is the name of the bone located at the base of the skull?

Occipital bone.

What type of joint is the elbow?

Hinge joint.

What is the term for the fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone?

Tendon.

Which type of fracture involves the break occurring at the growth plate?

Growth Plate Fracture.

What is the most common type of cartilage in the body?

Hyaline cartilage.

What is the term for bone breakdown?

Bone resorption.

What condition is associated with painful inflammation in the joints?

Arthritis.

How many ribs do humans typically have?

24 ribs.

What connects the pectoral girdle to the trunk?

Clavicles and scapulae.

What type of movement do hinge joints primarily allow?

Flexion and extension.

What is the name of the area where two or more bones meet?

Joint.

What are the three types of muscle in the human body?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Which type of bone is typically found in the inner layer of flat bones?

Spongy bone.

What is the purpose of the periosteum?

To protect and nourish bones.

How many bones are in the adult human body?

206 bones.

What is the name for the cartilage that covers the ends of bones?

Articular cartilage.

What structure connects muscles to bones?

Tendons.

What is the role of osteoblasts?

Bone formation.

What inflammatory condition results from excess uric acid in the joints?

Gout.

What is the name of the larger bone in the forearm located on the thumb side?

Radius.

What do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone.

What is lumbar vertebrae?

The lower back vertebrae.

What is the primary role of the axial skeleton?

To protect the central nervous system and support the body's organs.

How does aging affect bone density?

Bone density decreases with age.

What type of joint allows for sliding movements?

Plane joint.

What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis?

Wear and tear of cartilage.

What cellular structure is responsible for the storage of fat in bones?

Adipocytes.

What is a common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?

Joint pain and swelling.

What are the two types of bone marrow?

Red marrow and yellow marrow.

What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the walls of organs?

Smooth muscle.