Statistical Analysis

Bar Graph

A bar graph with gaps representing categories and numerical values.

Histogram

A bar graph with no gaps depicting frequency distribution (all numerical).

Scatterplot

A graph cluster of two variables, suggesting a positive, negative, or no relationship.

Regress towards the mean

The phenomenon where if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement.

Qualitative Measures

Gathering detailed and descriptive information through interviews or observations, without focusing on numbers or statistics.

Quantitative Measures

Tools for gathering data in numerical form.

Correlation Coefficient

Measures how strong a relationship is between two variables, ranging from -1 to 1.

Positive Correlation

A correlation above 0, such as the relationship between income and years of education.

Negative Correlation

A correlation below 0, such as the relationship between depression and average life expectancy.

Positive Skew

A distribution where the bulk of the information is skewed to the right.

Negative Skew

A distribution where the bulk of the information is skewed to the left.

Bimodal Frequency Distribution

A dataset that contains two peaks.

Bell Curve

A distribution with only one peak.

Central Tendencies

The middle or typical value in a dataset.

Mean

The average of all values.

Median

The middle value when the data is sorted.

Mode

The most frequent value in the data.

Range

The difference between the highest and lowest scores.

Percentile

A measure indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations fall.

Standard Deviation

A number that shows how much the values in a group differ from the average (mean).

Peer Review

When scholarly work or a research proposal is evaluated by other experts in the field.

Replication

The process of repeating a research study under the same conditions as the original to validate the findings and increase reliability.