liquid phychem

Gas

Conforms to shape and volume of container, has high compressibility and ability to flow

Liquid

Conform to shape of container volume limited by surface, has very low compresibility and moderate ability to flow

Solid

Maintain its own shape and volume, with almost none compressibility and ability to flow

Liquid structure and properties

Determined by its potential energy

Gas Structure and properties

Determined by its Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Pressure

Contributiin to the pressurw from yhe imoact of the molecules in free flight

Internal preasure

Change in internal energy of the system as it expands due to IMF

Liquid molecules

Held together by molecular interactions, their KE is comperable to their PE thus it flow and adapt to the shape of the container

Liquid state

Consdense state

Attraction of liquid molecules

They attract each other but once they are in contact they repel each other

Relative position of liquid atoms

Short range order which means atoms are not compact

Movement of liquid molecules

They can only move a fraction of a diameter, because its neighbors move aside before colliding

Cohesive force

This force in liquids give it definite volume

Intramolecular Forces

Bonding forces withing molecules, which influence chemical properties

Intermolecular forces

Forces between molecules, influences physical properties

Cohesive force

Exhibits intramolecular forces

Adhesive forces

Exhibits intermolecular forces

What term is Van der Waals forces

General term (dipole-dipole and London)

Van der waals forces

Weak attractive forces in a large number of substance

Hydrogen bonding

Occurs when in substance containing hydrogen atoms bonded to a certain very electromagnetic atoms

Dipole- Dipole forces

Polar molecules can attract one another

Result of dipole dipole force

This is an attractive force, polar molecules align themselves positive end to negative end

London force

Liquid can become gas w/out boiling

Liquid can become gas w/out boiling if molecules have high KE to escape liquid phase

Evaporation

Bubbles can’t form since vapor pressure is less that atmospheroc pressure

Boiling

Bubbles can form and rise since vapor pressure overcomes atmospheric pressure

KMT suggest about vapor pressure (liq)

Vapor pressure of a liquid depends on its temperature

Normal boiling point

Related to vapor preasure and is lowest for liquid with the weakest IMF

Surface tension

Work required or energy required to minimize the surface area of a liquid

Minimization of surface

Liquids adopt shapes that minimize their surface

Sphere

has the smallestsurface to volume ratio

Surface tension increases

With inncreasing IMF

Curved surfaces

Consequence of liquid to minimize surface are

Two consequences of surface tension

1. Dependence on vapor pressure on the curvature of its surface

2. Capillary rise in narrow tubes

Laplace equation for curvatures

The pressure on the concave side of an interference is always greater than the pressure on the convex side

Curved surfaces with small radii

Have large pressure difference across their surface

Cohesion

Contact angle - obtuse

Adhesion

Contact angle - acute

Viscosity

Measure of resistance that a fluid offeres to an applied shearing force

Gives rise to viscous flow

Momentum transfer from a region of higher velocity to a region of lower velocity

Viscosity

Increases with increasing IMF and increses resistance to flow

Ideal gas

Independent of pressure

Viscosity of gases

Governed by momentum transfer

Viscosity of liquids

Governed by IMF

Hole theory

Energy barrier surmounted in order for a molecule to squeeze by its neighbor if its is to undergo in bulk medium

Poiseuille Equation

Applicable when fluid is laminar and newtonian

Stokes equation

Apoilicable when fluid is viscous and stationary

Drag force

Required to propel a small sphere through a quiescent, continous medium with velocity

Limitations of falling sphere method

Valid only in the limit of a continous medium

Wall effect

Accounts for lateral dimension

End effect

Accounts for the finite height of the fluid meduim relative to the cylinder