221 Exam 1

What is the first recorded nutritional experiment?

in the book of Daniel in the Bible, King wanted to feed Daniel and company the same diet as his royal court.  Daniel didn’t want the royal food, and wanted permission not to eat it.  He wanted vegetables and water for ten days.  Their countenances were looked at and his people were fairer and fatter than the King’s court.

What did Beumont discover together with Alexio St. Martin?

Digestion is chemical, stomach noises are contractions, there is no spirit directing food, and more

How did Beumont and Alexio St. Martin perform their experiments?

Beaumont performed experiments on St. Martin's stomach after St. Martin was accidentally shot in the belly. The wound healed into a fistula, or hole, in St. Martin's stomach. Beaumont performed 238 experiments on St. Martin over several years. 

Who was responsible for the health of the Limeys (British Navy)?

Lind

Why are they called Limeys?

Citrus, originally lime juice, was used to prevent scurvy on british trips

What was the significance of the single plant feeding experiment?

it demonstrated that cows could not survive solely on a single type of grain, and that corn is different from wheat and oats(vitamin A)

Who named vitamins after vital amines?

Funk

Who is credited with "Life is a chemical process", and is called the Father of Nutrition?

lavoisier

What are the major differences and similarities in composition between animals and the plant materials that serve as their food?

Both get their energy from the sun. Animals are mainly made up of proteins and fats. Plants are mainly made up of carbohydrates. Animals are made up of more minerals, specifically Ca and P, while plants are mainly P and K

Who proposed the single plant feeding experiment?

Babcock

Which could best be called the MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT?

Water

Which nutrient class provides most of the energy in livestock diets?

Carbohydrates

Which nutrient class has the most energy per gram?

Fat

Which nutrient class provides energy only after requirements for it are met?

Protein

Which nutrient classes do NOT provide any energy?

vitamins and minerals and water

Which nutrient class is analyzed as crude fiber and NFE?

Carbohydrates

Which nutrient class is soluble in ether?

Fats

Which nutrient class is analyzed by kjeldahl procedure?

Proteins(amount of nitrogen)

Which nutrient class is analyzed by N X 6.25?

Crude protein

How much energy do fats, carbohydrates and proteins have in relation to each other?

Fats contain 2.25x as much energy as Carbs and Protein

How much water loss is fatal?

~12%

What are 3 sources of water?

Drinking water, Water in feed. Metabolic water

What are 3 properties of water that aid animal life?

High dielectric constant (transport of nutrients), High latent heat of vaporization (panting, sweating), High specific heat (temperature buffer)

Which physical principle is working to help cool a dog when it pants?

High latent heat of vaporization

Which physical principle is working to help move nutrients to the cells?

High dielectric constant

What are the major functions of water for animals?

Movement of nutrients and metabolites

Constant body temperature

Media for chemical reactions

Takes part in chemical reactions

Specialized roles: synovial fluid(lubricant), cerebrospinal fluid(cushion), etc

What are the consequences of too little water?

Decreased food intake and production, Hemoconcentration(thickening of the blood), Increased heart rate, Increased temperature, Increased respiration rate, death

Why is water such a good substance for maintaining constant body temperature?

It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water

In what circumstance is metabolic water important in animals?

hibernating and water-conserving animals

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

Starch is glucose connected with alpha bonds

Cellulose is glucose connected with beta bonds

What is glycogen, and what is it most similar to?

Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose connected by alpha bonds. It is most similar to starch, specifically amylopectin

What are 2 forms of starch, and what is their difference?

Amylose-straight chain polymer

Amylopectin-branched chain polymer

What happens to the extra starch if too much is consumed?

it is converted into fat and stored

What are the major sources of carbohydrates in animal diets?

plants - corn, wheat

What is the result of digestion of starch in the pig?

glucose

What is the result of digestion of starch in the cow?

VFAs

What is lignin? Why is it present? What is its nutritional significance? Which portion of proximate analysis is it present in?

It is a fibrous part of the plant that is present for strucutral support and to help with insect resistance. It interferes with the digestion of carbohydrates. It is present in the crude fiber analysis/NFE

What are the groups of lipids BESIDES the mono-, di- and triglycerides?

Simple, compound, derived, sterols, and terpenes

What are the differences and similarities between carbohydrates and lipids?

Carbohydrates have more oxygen than lipids, lipids have 2.25X as much energy, both play important roles in energy for the animal, lipids are more expensive for feed

Why (and how) do fats contain more energy? (how much?)

They contain more energy due to having more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen. They contain 2.25X more energy than carbs and proteins

Which acids are the VFA's?

acetic, propionic, butyric

What are VFA's? What is the nutritional role of VFA's?

In rumen fermentation, VFAs are the end product of the bacteria breaking down carbs because there is no oxygen in the rumen. they are in a form that the animal can absorb and use for energy

What is the meaning of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid?

Saturated means it contains all the H it can have or it has no double bonds

Unsaturated means missing some H and has double bonds

What are some of the consequences of a fatty acid being unsaturated?

it spoils quicker due to being weaker

What has to happen to fats in order for them to be digested?

They must be emulsified with bile and then broken down with enzymes such as lipase to glycerol and fatty acids

What are the major sources of fats as livestock feeds?

processed animal and vegetable grease, reused resutrant grease, tallow and lard

Why might you feed more fat in hot summer than in cold winter (2 reasons)?

First, digestion of fat generates less heat than digesting carbohydrates so there is less excess heat the animal will have to get rid of. Second, if feed intake is decreased due to heat, fat has more energy per amount taken in so the animal will get more energy eating it

How are proteins defined? What elements are they composed of? What molecules?

Composed of elements: C, H, O, N + S, P

Composed of molecules: amino acids

How is protein analyzed?

Using the Kjeldahl method to determine the amount of nitrogen in the feed

What is Kjeldahl?

a chemical test that determines the amount of nitrogen in a sample by converting it to ammonium ions

What is crude protein?

N x 6.25

Why is it called crude protein

Because it is not truly all protein but an estimate of how much protein there is

How much N is in protein on average?

16%

What does "essential amino acid" mean?

The body (non-ruminant) cannot make the amino acid on its own so it must be supplemented in the diet

What does First and Second (etc) Limiting Amino Acid mean?

The amino acid that is the first and second most limited in the diet and needed before any other growth can continue

What are the first and second limiting amino acids in corn for pigs?

1. Lysine 2. Tryptophan

What are the first and second limiting amino acids in corn for chickens?

1. Lysine 2. Methionine

What is a polypeptide?

the step before proteins, more complex=protein

Which EAA contains sulfur?

Methionine

Which 2 EAA's are most economical to buy 'in a bag', ie synthetically?

Lysine and Menadione

Which form of the amino acids (D, L) is the natural form (and usually the active form)?

L

Which amino acid is tested at a baby's birth to be sure it is metabolized properly?

Phenylalanine

How are vitamins classified?

fat or water soluble

List the fat soluble vitamins.

A D E K

What are the general functions of the fat soluble vitamins?

take care of the structure of the body

What are the general functions of the water soluble vitamins?

involved in intermediary metabolism

Which vitamin is needed by man but not by farm animals?

C

Which vitamin would be supplemented in cases of milk fever?

Calcium

Which vitamin interacts with selenium?

E

Which vitamin contains cobalt?

B12 Cyanocobalamine

Which vitamin acts like a hormone?

D

Which vitamin is necessary to use Ca and P?

D

What is the difference between Vitamin D2 and D3?

Form in plants is D2, in animals D3

Which vitamins are toxic?

A and D

Which vitamin can you get from sunshine on the skin?

D

Which is the main vitamin that is a biological antioxidant?

E

Phyloquinone and menadione have which vitamin activity?

K

What is dicoumerol?

A naturally occuring anticoagulant that is converted from coumerol by mold of sweet clovers

Which vitamin is involved in flavoproteins - transport of H?

Riboflavin

Which vitamin is involved in curled toe paralysis?

Riboflavin

Which vitamin is involved in amino acid decarboxylation and deamination?

Pyridoxine

Which vitamin is involved in Pellegra?

Niacin

Which vitamin is involved in goose stepping in pigs?

Pantothenic Acid

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor for absorption?

B12 Cyanocobalamine

Biotin is involved in what?

fat synthesis

Folic acid is involved in what?

Synthesis of amino acids and purines, movement of carbon residues

Which vitamin most poorly fits the definition of a vitamin?

Choline

Which is added to increase litter size in otherwise normal pigs?

Choline

What vitamin prevents fetal abnormalities of neural tube closure, such as spina bifida?

Folic acid

List the macro minerals.

Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S

Where is calcium stored?

bones and teeth

What are calcium's functions in the body (4)?

bone and teeth deposition, regulation of nerve excitability, normal muscle action, blood clotting

How is calcium regulated in the blood?

By PTH from the hypothalamus - if Ca levels are too low in the blood they will increase bone resorption, decrease renal loss of Ca, and increase uptake of Ca in the small intestine. Calcitonin - if Ca blood levels are too high they will decrease bone resorption

What is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Teeth fall out and bones rot, comes from long standing tendency to low Ca and softening of bones

What is rickets?

The softening of bones in immature animals

What are the signs of calcium deficiency?

rickets, osteomalacia, skeletal deformities, milk fever

What is milk fever, and how do you treat it? How do you prevent it?

Milk fever is the result of ca levels being too low in an animal due to lactation and causes lethargy. It can be treated with injecting Ca IV. It can be prevented by lowering Ca diet in the weeks leading up to parturition so that the parathyroid is stimulated to produce PTH and increase bone resorption.

What are the main sources of calcium?

Mainly ground limestone, then Alfalfa and clovers, Animal byproducts with bone(bone meal) are potential sources

What is the importance of calcium:phosphorus ratio?

Ca:P must have the proper ratio in order to be able to use vitamin D and prevent rickets. In bone 2:1, in most feed 1.5:1, in ruminants can be as high as 8:1, hens will need more due to eggshell production

Where is phosphorus at in the body (compare to calcium)?

80% is in bone, Higher proportion than Ca in soft tissues